📚 AS CCEA Psychology: Quick Terminology Memorisation Guide | AS CCEA 心理学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering AS CCEA Psychology starts with a rock‑solid command of key terminology. From biological structures to ethical principles, the sheer volume of terms can feel overwhelming. This guide turns abstract definitions into memorable shortcuts using mnemonics, word sketches and contrast tables, so you can recall exactly what a term means—and why it matters—when you are under exam pressure.
攻克 AS CCEA 心理学，首先要彻底掌握核心术语。从生物结构到伦理准则，庞杂的词汇量往往让人头疼。本指南借助记忆术、图形联想和对比表格，把抽象定义变成好记的短链，帮助你在考场上快速提取术语含义，并理解它的重要之处。
1. Behavioural Approach Buzzwords | 行为主义途径关键词
Think of the behavioural approach as a collection of ‘Re’s and ‘C’s. Classical conditioning always pairs a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus until the neutral one triggers the response alone. Use the ‘Pavlov’s dog’ mental image: bell (NS) → food (UCS) → salivation (UCR) becomes bell (CS) → salivation (CR). Operant conditioning is about consequences: positive reinforcement adds a reward, negative reinforcement removes something unpleasant—both increase behaviour. Punishment decreases behaviour. Remember ‘REIN = UP, PUN = DOWN’.
行为主义途径可以看作一连串的“R”和“C”。经典条件反射总要把中性刺激和无条件刺激配对，直到中性刺激单独引发反应。脑中浮现“巴甫洛夫的狗”：铃声（NS）→ 食物（UCS）→ 唾液分泌（UCR），最终铃声（CS）→ 唾液分泌（CR）。操作条件反射关注结果：正强化添加奖励，负强化移除不愉快——两者都增加行为；惩罚则降低行为。记住“强化增、惩罚减”。
Shaping means reinforcing successive approximations toward a target behaviour—visualise a sculptor chipping away piece by piece. Extinction is when a conditioned response fades because the stimulus no longer predicts the outcome. Link it to a fading photograph.
塑造指逐步强化接近目标的行为，想象雕塑家一刀一刀凿出形状。消退是条件反应因刺激不再预示结果而减弱，联想一张逐渐褪色的照片。
2. Biological Approach Essentials | 生物心理学途径基础术语
The biological approach loves naming brain parts and chemicals. For neurotransmitters, hold three in your pocket: dopamine (reward and movement), serotonin (mood, sleep) and noradrenaline (alertness). The mnemonic ‘DaSN’—D for dopamine, A for Adrenaline (noradrenaline), S for serotonin, N for Noradrenaline (double it to remember)—can be fleshed into ‘Dopamine Sends News’.
生物途径热衷于背诵脑区和化学物质。神经递质至少要抓住三个：多巴胺（奖赏与运动）、血清素（情绪与睡眠）和去甲肾上腺素（警觉）。用谐音“多血清去”编成小句：“多巴胺送喜讯”即可。
CNS (central nervous system) is brain plus spinal cord; PNS (peripheral nervous system) splits into somatic (voluntary movement) and autonomic (automatic organ control). The autonomic further branches into sympathetic (‘fight or flight’) and parasympathetic (‘rest and digest’). Imagine a seesaw: sympathetic spikes; parasympathetic calms.
中枢神经系统（CNS）是脑和脊髓；周围神经系统（PNS）分为躯体（随意运动）和自主（内脏自动控制）。自主神经再分成交感（“战或逃”）和副交感（“休息消化”）。想象一架跷跷板：交感抬起，副交感压下。
For brain localisation, link Broca’s area (speech production) to ‘B’ for Broken speech, and Wernicke’s area (language comprehension) to ‘W’ for Word salad.
脑功能区定位：布罗卡区（言语产生）对应“布”字联想到说话“不”顺；韦尼克区（语言理解）联想“韦”字拆成“口”与“韦”，听不懂就胡乱开口，产生“语词杂拌”。
3. Cognitive Approach Concepts | 认知途径核心概念
Cognitive psychology is full of computer metaphors. Encoding is how information enters memory—like typing on a keyboard. Storage is keeping it, and retrieval is pulling it back out. The multi‑store model (Atkinson & Shiffrin) moves info from sensory register → short‑term memory (STM) → long‑term memory (LTM) via attention and rehearsal. Think of a librarian filtering books.
认知心理学处处是计算机比喻。编码如同键盘输入，存储是保存，提取则是调取文件。多重储存模型（Atkinson & Shiffrin）通过注意和复述，让信息从感觉登记进入短时记忆（STM）再到长时记忆（LTM）。好比图书管理员层层筛选书籍。
Schemas are mental frameworks that help us organise information. When you meet a new dog, your ‘dog schema’ tells you it has four legs and barks—that speeds up processing but can create stereotypes. The word sounds like ‘scheme’, a blueprint in your head.
图式是组织信息的心理框架。遇到一只新狗，你的“狗图式”自动补上四条腿、会叫，加快理解却也可能催生成见。可联想“蓝图”，画在脑子里。
For eye‑catching studies, consider Loftus & Palmer (1974) on eyewitness testimony: leading questions (‘smashed’ vs ‘hit’) altered speed estimates. The mnemonic ‘LP smashed memories’ connects LP records being smashed.
经典研究Loftus & Palmer (1974) 发现目击证词中引导性问题（如“撞碎”与“碰”）改变了速度估计。用“LP唱片被砸碎”帮助记忆：“LP smashed memories”。
4. Psychodynamic Approach Language | 心理动力学途径术语
Freud’s ideas dominate the psychodynamic approach. The id is the impulsive ‘I want it now’ part, operating on the pleasure principle. The superego is the moral watchdog, internalised from parents and society. The ego is the rational manager, balancing id and superego using the reality principle. Picture a cartoon angel (superego) and devil (id) on a person’s shoulders, with the person (ego) deciding.
弗洛伊德的思想统治着心理动力学。本我冲动，“我现在就要”，遵循快乐原则；超我是道德卫士，来自父母和社会内化；自我理性周旋，依现实原则平衡二者。想象肩上天使（超我）与魔鬼（本我），中间的“我”（自我）在做决定。
Defence mechanisms protect the ego from anxiety. Repression pushes threatening thoughts into the unconscious. Denial refuses external reality. Displacement sends impulses to a safer target—like shouting at the cat after being told off by the boss. The first letters R, D, D can be remembered as ‘Really Deep Defence’.
防御机制保护自我免受焦虑。压抑把危险想法推入无意识；否认拒绝外部现实；移置把冲动转向安全目标——比如被老板训斥后冲猫吼叫。首字母R、D、D 用“真深防御”来记。
Freud’s psychosexual stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) can be recalled with the mnemonic ‘Old Age Pensioners Love Grapes’—Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital.
弗洛伊德的性心理阶段（口唇期、肛门期、性器期、潜伏期、生殖期）可用英文缩写“OAP Love Grapes”帮助记忆：Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital.
5. Humanistic Approach Terminology | 人本主义途径术语
Humanistic psychology centres on self‑actualisation—the drive to fulfil one’s potential. Rogers described conditions of worth as requirements we feel we must meet to be loved, which can stifle growth. Picture a flower that only blooms when certain conditions are met: that is your actualising tendency. Mnemonic: ‘Conditions of worth = cage of expectations’.
人本主义心理学围绕自我实现——实现个人潜能的驱力。罗杰斯提出价值条件，即我们感觉必须满足才能被爱的要求，这会扼杀成长。想象一朵花只在符合条件时才开放：那就是你的实现倾向。记忆：“价值条件 = 期望的牢笼”。
Unconditional positive regard (UPR) means accepting and supporting a person regardless of what they say or do. It is the opposite of conditions of worth. Link ‘U’ to ‘unconditional love’, ‘P’ to ‘positive’, ‘R’ to ‘regard’.
无条件积极关注（UPR）指无论对方言行如何都给予接纳和支持，与价值条件相对。将“U”想成“无条件的爱”，P 是正向，R 是尊重。
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs arranges motives into a pyramid: physiological → safety → love/belonging → esteem → self‑actualisation. Remember ‘Please Stop Licking Everyone’s Socks’ (Physiological, Safety, Love, Esteem, Self‑actualisation).
马斯洛的需求层次把动机排成金字塔：生理 → 安全 → 爱与归属 → 尊重 → 自我实现。英文助记：“Please Stop Licking Everyone’s Socks”。
6. Research Methods Core Terms | 研究方法核心术语
Any AS CCEA paper requires you to distinguish methods accurately. An experiment manipulates an IV to see the effect on a DV, and a true experiment requires random allocation of participants to conditions. A quasi‑experiment uses a naturally occurring IV (e.g. gender) and lacks random allocation. Make a mental rule: ‘Quasi = quality you can’t assign’.
AS CCEA 试卷要求你准确区分研究方法。实验室实验操纵自变量以观测因变量，真实实验还需随机分配被试到不同条件。准实验的自变量天然存在（如性别），不能随机分配。心诀：“准 = 准没办法分配的特质”。
Observational techniques can be ‘covert’ (hidden) or ‘overt’ (open). Think of a spy movie: covert is like ‘covered’ by a disguise; overt is ‘over the table’, everyone sees it. Participant observation means the researcher joins the group; non‑participant stays outside.
观察技术分“隐蔽”与“公开”。间谍电影里，隐蔽如同蒙面，公开则是摆上台面。参与式观察指研究者加入群体；非参与式则保持距离。
For self‑report methods, a questionnaire uses written questions, an interview uses verbal ones. Structured interviews have fixed questions; unstructured are like guided conversations. The word ‘structure’ hints at a fixed skeleton.
自我报告法中，问卷用书面问题，访谈用口头提问。结构化访谈有固定题目，非结构化则像引导对话。“结构”一词提醒有固定骨架。
7. Experimental Designs and Variables | 实验设计与变量
Three designs dominate: independent groups (different participants in each condition), repeated measures (same participants do all conditions) and matched pairs (participants are paired on a relevant trait, then split). Picture three ice‑cream flavours tested: independent groups = three different groups tasting one each; repeated measures = the same group tastes all three; matched pairs = twins are separated to taste different flavours.
三种主导设计：独立组（不同被试在不同条件）、重复测量（同一批被试做所有条件）和配对组（按相关特质匹配后再分配）。想象品尝三种冰淇淋：独立组是三个组各尝一种；重复测量是同一组尝全部；配对组如同把双胞胎拆开各尝不同口味。
Variables must be operationalised—meaning you state exactly how they are measured or manipulated. For example, ‘aggression’ could be operationalised as ‘number of times a child hits a Bobo doll’. Remember the ‘OP’ in operationalise stands for ‘operation plan’.
变量必须操作化——明确说明如何测量或操纵。比如“攻击”可操作化定义为“儿童击打波波玩偶的次数”。用“操作化”的“操”联想“操作计划”。
Confounding variables change systematically with the IV and can ruin an experiment. A pilot study is a mini‑trial run that helps spot such problems. Think of a pilot who tests the plane before the real flight.
混淆变量随自变量系统变化，能毁掉实验。预实验是微型试运行，用来排查问题。想象飞行员在正式飞行前先试飞。
8. Ethics and Key Terms | 道德准则与关键词
Every study must follow ethical guidelines. Informed consent means participants know what they are getting into and agree. If full disclosure would spoil the study, researchers use presumptive consent (asking similar people), prior general consent (agreeing to be deceived in general), or debriefing afterward. The mantra: ‘Consent, then debrief; if not, presume or general’.
每项研究都必须遵守伦理准则。知情同意要求被试知晓研究内容并同意。如果完全透露会破坏研究，研究者可用假定同意（询问类似人群）、事先一般同意（同意可能被隐瞒）或事后汇报解释。口诀：“先同意，后解释；不行就假定或一般”。
Confidentiality ensures personal data is protected, whereas anonymity means even the researcher cannot link data to individuals. Think of ‘C’ for a closed file cabinet, ‘A’ for a name ripped off—anonymous.
保密保证个人资料受到保护，而匿名意味着连研究者都无法将数据与个人对上号。用“保密”的“箱”想文件柜关好，“匿名”的“匿”是名字被撕掉。
Right to withdraw means participants can leave at any time without penalty. Protection from harm goes beyond physical—psychological harm must also be avoided. Recall the phrase ‘Withdraw and do no harm’.
退出权利指被试可随时退出而不受罚。免受伤害不仅是身体上的，心理伤害也要避免。记一句：“退出且无害”。
9. Statistics and Data Crunching Terms | 统计分析关键词
You need to handle descriptive statistics fluently. Mean, median and mode are measures of central tendency. Sing ‘Mean, median, mode, the centre of the road’. Range and standard deviation tell us about dispersion. Standard deviation is trickier: the larger it is, the more spread out the data. Think ‘SD = scatter degree’.
你需要熟练运用描述统计。均值、中位数和众数是集中趋势量数。编个顺口溜：“均值中位数众数，数据中心全在这路”。全距和标准差反映离散程度。标准差较大，数据越分散。想成“SD = 散布度”。
In inferential statistics, a null hypothesis states there is no effect or difference; the alternative hypothesis is what you really expect. Use the phrase ‘Null = no change’. A Type I error is a false positive (rejecting a true null), a Type II error is a false negative (accepting a false null). Imagine a fire alarm: Type I goes off without fire; Type II fails when fire exists.
推断统计中，零假设声称没有效应或差异；备择假设才是你真正预期的。记“零 = 零改变，零差别”。第一类错误是假阳性（拒绝了真的零假设），第二类错误是假阴性（接受了假的零假设）。想象火警：第一类没火却响，第二类有火不响。
Significance level (often p ≤ 0.05) is the probability that the result occurred by chance. Think of it as a 5% safety net.
显著性水平（常取 p ≤ 0.05）是结果由偶然造成的概率。把它想成5%的风险兜网。
10. Core Studies at a Glance | 核心研究速记名句
CCEA AS candidates must recall key studies. Bandura, Ross & Ross (1961): children imitated aggressive acts on a Bobo doll after observing an adult model. Mnemonic: ‘Bandit hits Bobo’. Milgram (1963): 65% of participants obeyed an authority figure to deliver dangerous shocks. ‘Milgram’s monster obedience’. Asch (1951): 75% conformed to an obviously wrong group on a line‑length task. ‘Asch’s lonely line‑judger’.
CCEA AS 考生必须牢记核心研究。Bandura, Ross & Ross (1961)：儿童观察到成人榜样攻击波波玩偶后模仿了攻击。“盗贼打波波”。Milgram (1963)：65%的被试服从权威，发出了危险电击。“米尔格拉姆的惊人服从”。Asch (1951)：在判断线段长度时75% 的人屈从于明显错误的群体。“阿希的孤独判断者”。
Raine et al. (1997) used PET scans to find reduced activity in the prefrontal cortex of murderers pleading not guilty by reason of insanity. ‘Raine scans the killers’ brains’. Freud’s case of Little Hans (1909) interpreted a boy’s horse phobia as displaced fear of his father through the Oedipus complex. ‘Little Hans, big Oedipus’.
Raine 等 (1997) 用 PET 扫描发现以精神错乱为由作无罪辩护的杀人犯前额叶皮层活动降低。“雷恩扫描杀人脑”。弗洛伊德的小汉斯案例 (1909) 将男孩对马的恐惧解释为经由俄狄浦斯情结对父亲的恐惧移置。“小汉斯，大俄狄浦斯”。
For social influence recall Zimbardo’s Stanford prison experiment (1971): students assigned to guard or prisoner roles quickly conformed to extreme behaviours. ‘Zimbardo’s prison zoo’.
社会影响方面记住津巴多的斯坦福监狱实验 (1971)：被分配扮演看守或囚犯的学生迅速陷入极端行为。“津巴多的监狱动物园”。
11. Tricky Pairs and Easy Confusions | 易混淆术语对对碰
Many marks are lost on similar‑sounding terms. Independent variable (IV) is what you change; dependent variable (DV) is what you measure. The IV ‘acts on’ the DV, so Independent comes first alphabetically—it decides the outcome. Internal validity asks whether the IV really caused the change in the DV; external validity asks whether findings generalise. Think ‘IN–inside the study, EX–exit to the world’.
很多失分来自形近术语。自变量（IV）是研究者改变的，因变量（DV）是测量的结果。自变量“作用于”因变量，就像字母 I 排在 D 前面——它决定结局。内部效度问自变量是否真的导致因变量变化，外部效度问结果能否推广。联想“内—研究内部，外—走出世间”。
Demand characteristics are cues that reveal the study’s purpose, making participants change behaviour. Social desirability bias means people answer in a way they think looks good. Demand = the experiment ‘demands’ a response; social desirability = wanting to look ‘socially desirable’.
需要特征是透露研究目的的线索，让被试改变行为。社会赞许偏差指人们回答时让自己显得更好。需要特征→实验“需要”某种反应；社会赞许→想显得“合群得体”。
A laboratory experiment is in a controlled setting; a field experiment is in a natural environment but still manipulates the IV. Think ‘lab coat’ vs ‘open field’. A naturalistic observation simply watches behaviour without intervention—no IV manipulation at all.
实验室实验在控制环境中进行；现场实验在自然环境中但仍操纵自变量。联想“白大褂”与“开阔田野”。自然观察则只是看，不干预——完全不操纵自变量。
12. Bringing It All Together with Active Recall | 主动回忆整合记忆
To lock terms into long‑term memory, turn them into flashcard questions: ‘What is a schema? Why does it matter?’ Write the answer in your own words, then compare with your notes. Group related concepts on mind maps—stick a ‘Reinforcement’ branch under Operant Conditioning, and link it to ‘Behaviour modification’. The more connections you build, the fewer isolated words remain. Finally, explaining terms aloud to an imaginary classmate reveals any gaps.
把术语锁进长时记忆的最好办法是做成闪卡自问：“什么是图式？它为什么重要？”用自己的话写出答案，再对笔记。把相关概念画在思维导图上——把“强化”分支放在操作条件反射下，再连到“行为矫正”。建立的联结越多，孤零零的词语就越少。最后，向假象的同学口头解释术语，能暴露所有知识缺口。
Consistent spaced retrieval is your secret weapon. Instead of rereading notes, close the book and recall the five ethical principles from memory, then check. By retrieving from your own mental library, you build the retrieval paths you will need on exam day, transforming terminology from a stumbling block into your strongest asset.
规律的间隔提取是秘密武器。合上笔记本，凭记忆回想五条伦理原则，再核对。每一次从内心资料库里提取，都在铺就考场需要的检索通路，让术语从绊脚石变成你最得力的砝码。
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