📚 AS Eduqas Psychology Glossary: Quick Memorisation Guide | AS Eduqas 心理学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the terminology for AS Eduqas Psychology can feel like learning a new language. This article turns the most important terms from both components – Past to Present and Using Psychological Concepts – into memorable chunks using mnemonics, word roots, and vivid examples. Whether you are preparing for the research methods questions or explaining the biological approach, these strategies will help you recall definitions quickly and accurately under exam conditions.
掌握 AS Eduqas 心理学术语就像学习一门新语言。本文利用助记术、词根和生动的例子，将两个单元（从过去到现在、运用心理学概念）中最重要的术语变成易于记忆的模块。无论你是在准备研究方法问题，还是在解释生物学途径，这些策略都能帮助你在考试情境下快速而准确地回忆定义。
1. Key Research Methods Vocabulary | 关键研究方法词汇
Think of the word AIM as the first step of any investigation. It stands for the purpose of the study, what the researcher wants to find out. The aim is always stated before the hypothesis. To remember the difference, use the phrase ‘AIM before HYPOTHESIS, like a boat before the anchor.’
把 AIM（目的）这个词看作任何研究的第一步。它代表了研究的目的，即研究者想要发现什么。目的总是在假设之前提出。为了记住区别，可以用这个短语——“AIM 在 HYPOTHESIS 之前，就像船在锚之前。”
An independent variable (IV) is the thing you change, and a dependent variable (DV) is the thing you measure. Picture a remote control: you press the IV button, and the DV channel changes on the screen. The mnemonic ‘I change the IV, and the DV depends on me’ reinforces the relationship.
自变量 (IV) 是你改变的东西，因变量 (DV) 是你测量的东西。想象一个遥控器：你按下 IV 按钮，屏幕上的 DV 频道就会改变。助记句 “我改变 IV，DV 依赖于我” 强化了这种关系。
An operationalised variable is a variable defined so clearly that anyone could measure it. The trick is to imagine giving step-by-step instructions to a robot. If the variable is ‘aggression’, operationalise it as ‘number of kicks on a doll’ – the robot would know exactly what to count.
操作化变量 是一个定义得如此清晰的变量，以至于任何人都能进行测量。诀窍是想象给机器人逐步指令。如果变量是“攻击性”，把它操作化为“踢娃娃的次数”——机器人就清楚地知道该数什么。
2. Biological Approach and Neuroanatomy | 生物心理学与神经解剖学
The biological approach explains behaviour through brain structures, neurotransmitters, and hormones. To remember that the frontal lobe is responsible for decision-making and personality, link the ‘front’ of the brain to being ‘in front of a decision’. The famous case of Phineas Gage, whose personality changed after a rod damaged his frontal lobe, is a story hard to forget – use it as a narrative anchor.
生物学途径通过大脑结构、神经递质和激素来解释行为。要记住 额叶 负责决策和人格，把大脑的 “前部” 与“在决策之前”联系起来。菲尼亚斯·盖奇的著名案例——一根铁棍损伤了他的额叶后，他的人格改变了——是一个令人难忘的故事，可以用作叙事锚点。
Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers. Think of them as keys fitting into locks (receptors). For excitation, remember ‘Adrenaline adds energy’ – it excites. For inhibition, ‘GABA puts on the brakes’ – it calms. The mnemonic ‘E for Excitation, I for Inhibition’ helps classify serotonin as having both roles.
神经递质 是化学信使。把它们想象成插入锁孔（受体）的钥匙。对于兴奋作用，记住 “肾上腺素增添能量” ——它使人兴奋。对于抑制作用，记住 “GABA 踩下刹车” ——它使人平静。助记符 “E 代表 Excitation，I 代表 Inhibition” 有助于把血清素归为兼具两种作用。
Localisation of function versus holism is a classic debate: localisation means specific areas control specific functions; holism means the brain works as a whole. Picture a football team: localisation is each player having a fixed position, holism is the whole team moving fluidly together. Sperry’s split-brain research strongly supports localisation.
功能定位 与 整体论 是一个经典辩论：定位意味着特定区域控制特定功能；整体论意味着大脑作为一个整体运作。想象一支足球队：功能定位是每个队员有固定位置，整体论是全队一起流动移动。斯佩里的裂脑研究强有力地支持了功能定位。
3. Psychodynamic Perspective: Id, Ego, Superego | 精神动力学视角：本我、自我、超我
Freud’s tripartite personality can be remembered with the ‘Iceberg model’. The id is the hidden, instinctive part that wants immediate gratification – say ‘I want it id-mediately!’ The superego is the moral compass, like a superhero judging right from wrong. The ego balances both in the real world; picture a referee between a devil (id) and an angel (superego).
弗洛伊德的三重人格可以用 “冰山模型” 来记忆。本我 (id) 是隐藏的本能部分，追求即时满足——可以说“我想立即 (id-mediately) 得到它！”超我 (superego) 是道德指南，像评判是非的超级英雄。自我 (ego) 在现实世界中平衡二者；想象成一个在魔鬼（本我）和天使（超我）之间的裁判。
Defence mechanisms are the ego’s strategies to reduce anxiety. To distinguish repression (pushing memories out of consciousness) from denial (refusing to accept reality), use the sentence: ‘Repression is hidden, denial is denied back to your face.’ Displacement means redirecting emotions to a safer target – think of kicking a chair when angry with your boss.
防御机制 是自我减少焦虑的策略。要区分 压抑（将记忆推出意识）和 否认（拒绝接受现实），用这句话：“Repression 是隐藏，denial 是当面否认。”转移 意味着将情绪转向更安全的目标——想想在对老板生气时踢椅子。
When studying the Oedipus complex, picture a triangle: the boy desires the mother and sees the father as a rival. The name sounds like ‘Odd-i-pus’ – odd conflict. The resolution leads to identification with the father and the formation of the superego.
学习 俄狄浦斯情结 时，想象一个三角形：男孩渴望母亲，把父亲看作竞争对手。这个名字听起来像“Odd-i-pus”——奇怪的冲突。解决它会导致认同父亲并形成超我。
4. Behaviourist Learning Theory Terms | 行为主义学习理论术语
Behaviourism focuses on observable behaviour. Classical conditioning is learning through association, like Pavlov’s dogs. To remember the sequence, sing it to the tune of ‘twinkle twinkle’: ‘Before conditioning, food (UCS) makes dog salivate (UCR), bell (NS) does nothing.’ Then during conditioning, bell + food repeatedly, and after conditioning, bell (CS) → salivation (CR).
行为主义关注可观察的行为。经典条件作用 是通过联想学习，比如巴甫洛夫的狗。要记住顺序，可以用“小星星”的曲调唱：“条件作用前，食物 (UCS) 使狗分泌唾液 (UCR)，铃声 (NS) 无效。” 然后在条件作用中，铃声+食物多次重复，条件作用后，铃声 (CS) → 唾液分泌 (CR)。
In operant conditioning, Skinner’s box showed how consequences shape behaviour. Positive reinforcement adds something pleasant; negative reinforcement removes something unpleasant. Do not confuse negative reinforcement with punishment. A quick trick: reinforcement always increases behaviour, punishment decreases it. Think ‘Reinforcement is reward, even if it removes a burden.’
在 操作性条件作用 中，斯金纳箱展示了后果如何塑造行为。正强化 增加愉快的东西；负强化 移除不愉快的东西。不要把负强化与 惩罚 混淆。一个快速技巧：强化总是增加行为，惩罚减少行为。记住 “强化是奖励，即使它移除了负担。”
Extinction occurs when the conditioned response fades because the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus. Spontaneous recovery is the sudden reappearance of the response after a rest period. Imagine a campfire: extinction is the fire dying out, spontaneous recovery is a hidden ember suddenly flaring up.
消退 发生在条件反应因条件刺激不再与无条件刺激配对而减弱时。自发恢复 是休息一段时间后反应的突然再现。想象一堆篝火：消退是火焰熄灭，自发恢复是一颗隐藏的余烬突然燃起。
5. Cognitive Psychology: Models of Memory | 认知心理学：记忆模型
The multi-store model (MSM) by Atkinson and Shiffrin describes memory as three stores: sensory register, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM). Use the abbreviation ‘SSS → STM → LTM’ – the three S’s flow into short-term, then long-term. Rehearsal is the rehearsal loop that transfers information.
阿特金森和希夫林的 多贮存模型 (MSM) 将记忆描述为三个贮存：感觉登记器、短时记忆 (STM) 和长时记忆 (LTM)。使用缩写 “SSS → STM → LTM”——三个 S 流入短时，然后长时。复述是传递信息的循环。
Working memory model (WMM) by Baddeley and Hitch has four components: central executive, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and episodic buffer. Picture an office: the central executive is the boss, the phonological loop is a phone line for verbal info, the visuospatial sketchpad is a whiteboard for images, and the episodic buffer is a binder connecting everything to long-term memory.
巴德利和希奇的 工作记忆模型 (WMM) 有四个成分：中央执行器、语音环路、视空间画板和情景缓冲器。想象一间办公室：中央执行器 是老板，语音环路 是传递言语信息的电话线，视空间画板 是画图的白板，情景缓冲器 是连接所有信息到长时记忆的活页夹。
In the reconstructive memory theory, Bartlett argued that memory is not a tape recorder but an active reconstruction. Schemas are mental frameworks that influence recall. The ghost study (‘War of the Ghosts’) showed how we distort memories to fit our existing schemas – think ‘schemas shape stories’.
在 重构记忆 理论中，巴特利特认为记忆不是录音机，而是主动的重构。图式 是影响回忆的心理框架。“鬼魂的战争”研究显示了我们如何扭曲记忆以适应当前图式——记住“图式塑造故事”。
6. Positive Psychology: Happiness and Flow | 积极心理学：幸福与心流
Positive psychology, as promoted by Seligman, focuses on human flourishing. The acronym PERMA stands for Positive emotions, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, and Accomplishment. Memorise it by saying ‘People Eat Really Massive Apples’ – the first letters match perfectly.
积极心理学，由塞利格曼倡导，关注人类繁荣。缩写 PERMA 代表积极情绪、投入、人际关系、意义和成就。用 “People Eat Really Massive Apples” 这句话来记忆——首字母完美匹配。
Flow is a state of complete absorption in an activity where time seems to disappear. Csikszentmihalyi’s name may look intimidating, but break it down: ‘Cheek-sent-me-high’. Flow happens when challenge and skill are balanced – if too hard, anxiety; if too easy, boredom. Visualise a channel of water flowing smoothly.
心流 是一种完全沉浸在活动中、时间似乎消失的状态。奇克森米哈伊的名字可能看起来吓人，但可以拆解：“Cheek-sent-me-high”。当挑战与技能平衡时发生心流——太难则焦虑，太简单则无聊。想象一条顺畅流动的水道。
Another key concept is signature strengths – character traits that feel authentic and energising. Use the VIA classification: virtues like wisdom, courage, humanity. Remember ‘Signature’ by signing your name with the strengths that are most you.
另一个关键概念是 标志性优势——那些感觉真实且充满活力的性格特质。使用 VIA 分类：智慧、勇气、仁爱等美德。通过用最像你的优势“签名”来记住“标志性”。
7. Contemporary Debate: Nature vs. Nurture | 当代辩论：先天与后天
The nature versus nurture debate examines whether behaviour is inherited (nature) or learned (nurture). A simple mnemonic: ‘Nature is in your genes (DNA); Nurture is what you have seen.’ The biological approach leans toward nature, while behaviourism emphasises nurture.
先天与后天辩论探讨行为是遗传的（先天）还是习得的（后天）。一个简单的助记句：“Nature 在你的基因 (DNA) 里；Nurture 是你所见过的。” 生物学途径倾向于先天，而行为主义强调后天。
Interactionism is the view that both nature and nurture influence behaviour in combination. For example, twin studies show that identical twins raised apart share many traits (nature), but environmental triggers like diet or stress can switch genes on or off – a process called epigenetics. Visualise a light switch: genes provide the wiring, environment flips the switch.
交互作用论 认为先天和后天共同影响行为。例如，双生子研究表明分开抚养的同卵双胞胎共享许多特征（先天），但饮食或压力等环境触发因素可以开启或关闭基因——这一过程称为 表观遗传学。想象一个灯开关：基因提供线路，环境拨动开关。
When evaluating the debate, remember the phrase ‘nature loads the gun, nurture pulls the trigger’. It captures the dynamic and does not force you to pick a side – a highly evaluative point for essays.
在评价这个辩论时，记住这句话：“先天上膛，后天扣动扳机。” 它捕捉了这种动态，并且不强迫你选择立场——这对论文来说是高度评价性的观点。
8. Attachment and Caregiver Debates | 依恋与照料者辩论
In the contemporary debate about the mother as the primary caregiver, Bowlby’s monotropy theory suggests that infants form one primary attachment bond, usually with the mother. Think ‘mono’ = one. This bond acts as a secure base for exploration.
在关于母亲作为首要照料者的当代辩论中，鲍尔比的 单一依恋 理论认为婴儿形成一种主要的依恋纽带，通常是与母亲。想一下 “mono” = 一。这个纽带充当安全基地以便探索。
The internal working model is a mental template formed from early attachment that influences future relationships. It is like a blueprint for how you expect people to treat you. The mnemonic ‘IWM influences my We-Mode’ reminds you that early experiences shape later social behaviour.
内部工作模型 是从早期依恋形成的心理模板，影响着未来的人际关系。它就像一个关于你期望人们如何对待你的蓝图。助记句 “IWM 影响我的 We-Mode” 提醒你，早期经历塑造后来的社会行为。
Harlow’s research with rhesus monkeys distinguished contact comfort from feeding as the basis of attachment. Soft surrogate mother won over wire mother that provided milk. Image: a warm, fluffy towel is more attractive than a cold metal dispenser – that is contact comfort.
哈洛对恒河猴的研究区分了接触安抚和喂养作为依恋的基础。柔软的替代母亲胜过提供乳汁的铁丝母亲。图像：一条温暖蓬松的毛巾比冰冷的金属分配器更有吸引力——这就是接触安抚。
9. Research Ethics and Guidelines | 研究伦理与准则
The British Psychological Society (BPS) Code of Conduct includes principles like respect, competence, responsibility, integrity. Visualise a castle with four towers: R, C, R, I – ‘Really Caring Researchers Investigate’. For each study you evaluate, ask whether informed consent, deception, debriefing, and the right to withdraw were handled properly.
英国心理学会 (BPS) 的伦理准则包括 尊重、胜任、责任、诚信 等原则。想象一个有四个塔楼的城堡：R, C, R, I —— “Really Caring Researchers Investigate”。评价每项研究时，询问知情同意、欺骗、事后说明和退出权利是否得到妥善处理。
Informed consent means participants know what they are agreeing to. A memorable image: a participant signing a giant scroll with a magnifying glass – they have examined everything. When full consent is not possible, presumptive consent or prior general consent may be sought.
知情同意 意味着参与者知道他们将同意什么。一个令人难忘的形象：参与者用放大镜检查后在一张巨大的文书上签字——他们已检查了一切。当无法完全同意时，可寻求 推定同意 或 事前一般同意。
Debriefing is the post-study conversation where the researcher reveals the true aim and checks well-being. The phrase ‘Debrief after the brief’ (briefing before, debriefing after) will help you remember the sequence.
事后说明 是研究后的交谈，研究者在此揭示真实目的并检查参与者的福祉。短语 “Debrief after the brief”（事前简介，事后说明）能帮助你记住顺序。
10. Statistics and Data Handling | 统计与数据处理
In AS research methods, you encounter measures of central tendency: mean, median, mode. To remember which is which for skewed data, use ‘Mean goes to the tail’. In a negatively skewed distribution, the mean is pulled left; in positively skewed, right.
在 AS 研究方法中，你会遇到 集中趋势测量：平均数、中位数、众数。要记住偏态数据中哪个是哪个，使用 “Mean goes to the tail”。在负偏态分布中，平均数被拉向左；在正偏态中，拉向右。
Measures of dispersion include range and standard deviation. Range is simply highest minus lowest. Standard deviation tells you the average distance of each score from the mean. Picture a target: a small SD means the arrows are tightly clustered; a large SD means they are scattered.
离差测量 包括极差和标准差。极差 就是最大值减最小值。标准差 告诉你每个分数与平均数之间的平均距离。想象一个靶子：小的 SD 意味着箭矢密集排列；大的 SD 意味着它们散布很广。
When reading a scatterplot, remember that data points climbing to the right show a positive correlation, falling to the right show a negative correlation, and no clear pattern means zero correlation. Quote this: ‘Up-right = positive, down-right = negative.’ Correlation coefficients are expressed with r, e.g. r = -0.8 is a strong negative relationship.
在阅读 散点图 时，记住数据点向右抬升呈现 正相关，向右下降呈现 负相关，没有清晰模式则意味着 零相关。牢记：“右上为正，右下为负。” 相关系数用 r 表示，如 r = -0.8 表示强负相关。
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