📚 CCEA A-Level Psychology: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memory Guide | CCEA A-Level 心理学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering CCEA A-Level Psychology demands a confident command of specialist terminology. This guide provides quick memory hooks, mnemonic devices, and clear definitions for the most frequently examined terms across the syllabus. Use these strategies to turn abstract words into vivid, exam-ready knowledge.
掌握 CCEA A-Level 心理学需要熟练运用专业术语。本指南为你提供整个考纲中最常考术语的快速记忆钩子、助记法和清晰定义。用这些策略把抽象词汇变成生动、可直接用于考试的牢固知识。
1. Research Methods Essentials | 研究方法核心术语速记
The independent variable (IV) is what you change or manipulate. Think ‘I’ = I alter it.
自变量 (IV) 是你操纵或改变的变量。记住 ‘I’ 代表 ‘I change’（我来改变）。
The dependent variable (DV) is what you measure; it depends on the IV. Picture DV as ‘data value’ recorded after the change.
因变量 (DV) 是你测量的结果，它依赖于自变量。将 DV 想象成 ‘data value’（数据值），在改变后记录。
Operationalisation means defining variables clearly so they can be measured. Imagine ‘operating’ a measuring tape — you need precise units.
操作化 是指清晰定义变量以便测量。想象一下操作一把卷尺——你需要精确的单位。
Extraneous variables are unwanted extra factors that could affect the DV. Think ‘extra’ noise you must control. A confounding variable is an extraneous variable that systematically varies with the IV, making results confusing. Recall: ‘con’ = it cons your conclusion.
额外变量 是不需要但可能影响因变量的额外因素，即你必须控制的’额外’噪音。混淆变量 则是一种与自变量系统变化的额外变量，会使结果混乱。记住 ‘con’ 代表它欺骗了你的结论。
A null hypothesis states there is no effect or no difference. Null = zero. The alternative hypothesis is the statement you actually expect to find.
零假设表明没有效应或没有差异。零即零。备择假设才是你真正期望发现的陈述。
2. Biological Psychology Building Blocks | 生物心理学关键词块
Neuron: a nerve cell. Three types to recall by function: sensory (body → brain), relay (connects within CNS), motor (brain → muscles). Use the phrase ‘Sensory Sends, Motor Moves, Relay Relays’.
神经元：神经细胞。按功能记三类：感觉神经元（身体 → 大脑）、联络神经元（中枢内连接）、运动神经元（大脑 → 肌肉）。用口诀 ‘Sensory Sends, Motor Moves, Relay Relays’ 帮助记忆。
Neurotransmitter: chemical messenger crossing a synapse. Serotonin regulates mood — think ‘S for sunny’; dopamine is linked to reward — ‘D for delight’.
神经递质：穿越突触的化学信使。血清素调节情绪——记住 ‘S for sunny’（阳光）；多巴胺关联奖赏—— ‘D for delight’（快乐）。
Synaptic transmission goes from presynaptic neuron to postsynaptic neuron. Picture a key (neurotransmitter) fitting a lock (receptor). Reuptake is when the sending neuron sucks the neurotransmitter back in, like a vacuum cleaner.
突触传递 从突触前神经元到突触后神经元。把神经递质想象成钥匙，受体是锁。再摄取就像发送神经元像吸尘器一样把递质吸回。
Localisation of function means different brain regions do different jobs. Hippocampus = memory, like a ‘hippo on campus’ storing maps. Amygdala = emotion, especially fear — ‘Amy, I’m scared’.
功能定位 指不同脑区执行不同任务。海马体负责记忆，想象校园里一只河马(hippo)在记地图。杏仁核负责情绪尤其是恐惧 —— ‘Amy，我害怕’。
3. Cognitive Psychology: Memory and Thinking | 认知心理学：记忆与思维词汇
Encoding: transforming information into a memory trace. Acoustic encoding is sound-based, semantic is meaning-based. Acoustic = ‘a-coustic guitar sound’; semantic = ‘semantics means meaning’.
编码：把信息转换为记忆痕迹。听觉编码基于声音，语义编码基于意义。听觉 (acoustic) 联想吉他声音；语义 (semantic) 联想词语的意义。
Multi-store model (Atkinson & Shiffrin): sensory register → short-term memory → long-term memory. Think of it as a library: sensory is the entrance, STM is the desk where you hold a book briefly, LTM is the bookshelf.
多储存模型 (Atkinson & Shiffrin)：感觉登记 → 短时记忆 → 长时记忆。想象成图书馆：感觉登记是入口，短时记忆是手上短暂拿书的桌面，长时记忆是书架。
Working memory model (Baddeley & Hitch): central executive, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, episodic buffer. Remember ‘CE PL VS EB’. The central executive is the boss; the phonological loop is the inner voice; the visuospatial sketchpad is the inner eye.
工作记忆模型 (Baddeley & Hitch)：中央执行器、语音环路、视空间画板、情节缓冲区。记为 ‘CE PL VS EB’。中央执行器是老板；语音环路是内部声音；视空间画板是内部眼睛。
Forgetting types: proactive interference (old memories disrupt new) vs retroactive interference (new disrupts old). Pro = forward in time? No — pro means old harms new (think ‘pro-habits’), retro means new harms old (‘retro retro came after’).
遗忘 类型：前摄干扰（旧记忆干扰新记忆）与倒摄干扰（新记忆干扰旧记忆）。前 (pro) 是旧的妨碍新的，倒 (retro) 是新的妨碍旧的。
4. Developmental Psychology: Attachment and Stages | 发展心理学：依恋与阶段速记
Attachment bond: strong emotional tie between infant and caregiver. Schaffer’s stages: pre-attachment (0-3 months), indiscriminate (3-7 m), discriminate (7+ m), multiple. Sing ‘P, I, D, M’ — just like the research method!
依恋纽带：婴儿与照看者之间的强烈情感联系。Schaffer 阶段：前依恋期 (0-3月)、无差别依恋期 (3-7月)、差别依恋期 (7个月以上)、多重依恋。唱 ‘P, I, D, M’ 像研究方法一样！
Strange Situation assesses attachment type: secure (confident, calms on return), insecure-avoidant (ignores caregiver), insecure-resistant (clingy yet angry). Think of children at a party: secure child plays independently but checks back; avoidant acts like you’re not there; resistant clings then pushes away.
陌生情境法 评估依恋类型：安全型（自信，回来时平静）、不安全-回避型（忽视照看者）、不安全-反抗型（粘人又愤怒）。想象聚会上的孩子：安全型自己玩但会回头确认；回避型假装你不在；反抗型紧抓又推开。
Piaget’s stages: sensorimotor (0-2), preoperational (2-7), concrete operational (7-11), formal operational (11+). Mnemonic: ‘Some People Can’t Fly’. Object permanence develops in sensorimotor — out of sight, not out of mind eventually.
皮亚杰阶段：感知运动 (0-2)、前运算 (2-7)、具体运算 (7-11)、形式运算 (11+)。助记句 ‘Some People Can’t Fly’。客体永久性在感知运动阶段发展——最终东西看不见了也仍存在脑中。
5. Social Psychology: Influence and Obedience | 社会心理学：影响与服从术语
Conformity: yielding to group pressure. Three types: compliance (public, not private), identification (temporary public and private to fit role), internalisation (true private acceptance). Think of a cloak: compliance wears the cloak in public only, internalisation wears it inside and out.
从众：屈从于群体压力。三类：顺从（公开而非私下）、认同（暂时公开及私下接受以融入角色）、内化（真正的私下接受）。想象一件斗篷：顺从只当众穿，内化则内外都穿。
Obedience: following direct orders from an authority figure. Milgram’s electric shock experiment. Remember ‘O for order’. Agency theory explains obedience as entering an agentic state, where you act as an agent for authority; the opposite is autonomous state.
服从：遵从权威人物的直接指令。米尔格拉姆电击实验。记住 ‘O for order’（指令）。代理理论认为服从是进入代理状态，你作为权威的代理行事；相反的是自主状态。
Bystander effect: people are less likely to help when others are present. Diffusion of responsibility — everyone thinks someone else will act. Latane and Darley’s decision model: notice, interpret as emergency, assume responsibility, know how to help, decide to implement. Use the ladder ‘N I R K D’: Notice Interpret Responsibility Knowledge Decision.
旁观者效应：现场有他人在时个体提供帮助的可能性降低。责任扩散——每个人都以为别人会采取行动。拉坦和达利的决策模型：注意、解释为紧急、承担责任、知道如何帮助、决定实施。梯子 ‘N I R K D’：注意 解释 责任 知识 决定。
6. Individual Differences: Personality and Intelligence | 个体差异：人格与智力术语
Id, ego, superego (Freud). Id = instinct, ‘I want it now’. Superego = morality, ‘super-good, super-correct’. Ego balances the two, the referee. Id, Ego, Superego; remember ‘IES’ like a traffic light system: Id-reckless red, Superego-pause on yellow, Ego-goes green rationally.
本我、自我、超我（弗洛伊德）。本我=本能，’我现在就要’。超我=道德，’超级好，超级正确’。自我平衡双方，如裁判员。本我、自我、超我；记为 ‘IES’ 红绿灯系统：本我-红灯冲动，超我-黄灯犹豫，自我-绿灯理性通行。
Trait theory: Eysenck’s PEN model — Psychoticism, Extraversion, Neuroticism. Say ‘PEN’ in your hand. Extraversion = sociable; remember ‘extra’ outgoing. Neuroticism = emotional instability; ‘neurotic = nervous’.
特质理论：艾森克的 PEN 模型——精神质、外向性、神经质。手握 ‘PEN’。外向性=好社交；’extra’ 额外爱出门。神经质=情绪不稳定；’neurotic 紧张不安’。
Self-efficacy (Bandura): belief in your own ability to succeed. High self-efficacy predicts persistence. Think ‘efficacy = efficiency & I can’.
自我效能感（班杜拉）：相信自身有能力成功。高自我效能感预示坚持。联想 ‘efficacy = 高效且我行’。
7. Psychopathology: Definitions and Disorders | 心理病理学：障碍术语速记
Statistical infrequency: behaviour is abnormal if statistically rare. Deviation from social norms: violates unwritten rules. Failure to function adequately: cannot cope with daily life, like Rosenhan’s ‘7 features’. Use the acronym ‘SADE’: Statistical, Adequate function fail, Deviant from norms, and personal distress. Combine them for exams.
统计稀有：统计上罕见的行为即异常。偏离社会常模：违反不成文规则。功能不足：无法应对日常生活，如 Rosenhan 的七特征。用首字母 ‘SADE’：统计学稀有、功能不足、偏离常模、个人痛苦。考试中组合使用。
Phobia: irrational fear. Behavioural explanation (two-process model): classical conditioning initiates, operant conditioning maintains via avoidance. Remember ‘CO’: Classical Onset, Operant Ongoing.
恐惧症：非理性恐惧。行为解释（双过程模型）：经典条件作用引发，操作条件作用通过回避维持。记住 ‘CO’：经典引发，操作维持。
Depression: Beck’s cognitive triad — negative view of self, world, future. Ellis’s ABC model — Activating event, Belief, Consequence. For ABC, think alphabet: A causes B which leads to C.
抑郁：贝克的认知三联——对自我、世界和未来的消极看法。艾利斯的ABC模型——激发事件、信念、后果。ABC 如字母表：A 激发 B 信念导致 C 后果。
OCD: obsessions are intrusive thoughts, compulsions are repetitive behaviours. Think ‘O’ invades mind, ‘C’ is the act you feel compelled to perform.
强迫症：强迫思维是闯入性想法，强迫行为是重复性动作。记住 ‘O’ 入侵思维，’C’ 是不得不做的行为。
8. Statistical Terminology Made Simple | 统计术语简单记
Mean, median, mode. Mean = average (add up, divide). Median = middle value. Mode = most frequent. Mnemonic: ‘Mean is mean to calculate, Median sits in the middle seat, Mode appears the most at the fashion show’.
平均数、中位数、众数。平均数=平均值（求和后除以个数）。中位数=中间值。众数=出现次数最多的值。助记：’平均数算起来有点mean（刻薄），中位数坐中间，众数在时尚秀上出现最多 (mode=时尚)’。
Range = highest minus lowest. Standard deviation shows spread around the mean. A low SD means data are tightly clustered. SD is like the crown spreading around the mean’s throne.
范围 = 最大值减最小值。标准差 反映数据围绕平均数的分散程度。低标准差表示数据紧密聚集。标准差像围绕平均数王座的皇冠展开。
Correlation coefficient: from -1 to +1. Positive correlation: as one goes up, the other goes up. Remember ‘co-relation = together movement’. No correlation is 0. A coefficient of +0.8 is strong; -0.8 is strong negative.
相关系数：从-1到+1。正相关：一个上升，另一个也上升。记住 ‘co-relation 共同变动’。零相关为0。+0.8 是强正相关，-0.8 是强负相关。
9. Ethics and Issues: Key Words to Debate | 伦理与议题辩论词汇
Ethical guidelines: informed consent, deception, debriefing, right to withdraw, confidentiality, protection from harm. Use the acronym ‘CID WRaP’: Consent, Deception, Withdraw, Right, Protection. Remember to wrap participants in safety.
伦理准则：知情同意、欺骗、事后解释、退出权、保密、免受伤害。首字母 ‘CID WRaP’（侦探包裹）：同意、欺骗、退出、权利、保护。记得像包裹一样保护被试。
Validity: does the study measure what it claims? Internal validity checks if IV really caused DV change; external validity concerns generalisability. Think ‘In-side’ = inside control; ‘Ex-ternal’ = outside application.
效度：研究是否测量了它声称要测量的东西？内部效度检验是否真是IV引起DV变化；外部效度涉及推广性。记 ‘In-ternal 内部’ = 内部控制；’Ex-ternal 外部’ = 外部应用。
Reliability: consistency of measurement. Test-retest reliability: same test twice. Inter-rater reliability: different observers agree. Think ‘reliable car’ starts every time consistently.
信度：测量的一致性。重测信度：同一测试做两次。评分者信度：不同观察者一致。联想 ‘可靠的车’ 每次都能启动。
Determinism vs free will. Determinism: behaviour is caused by factors beyond our control. Hard determinism = no free will at all; soft determinism = some choice within constraints. Free will = we are agents. Remember ‘hard as rock’, ‘soft as clay’.
决定论与自由意志。决定论：行为由我们不可控的因素决定。硬决定论 = 完全没有自由意志；软决定论 = 在限制内有一定选择。自由意志 = 我们是自主主体。记住 ‘硬如磐石，软如黏土’。
10. General Mnemonic Toolbox for CCEA Terms | CCEA 通用术语助记工具箱
Create acrostics: use the first letter of each word in a sequence to form a memorable sentence. For example, for stages of information processing: Encoding, Storage, Retrieval → ‘Every Smart Rabbit’.
创作 离合诗：用序列中每个词的首字母组成一个易记的句子。例如信息加工阶段：编码、储存、提取 → ‘Every Smart Rabbit’（每只聪明的兔子）。
Use visual imagery: link abstract terms to bizarre images. To remember lateralisation (left hemisphere language, right face processing), imagine a talking face split: left side speaks, right side paints eyelashes.
使用 视觉图像：把抽象术语与奇特图像挂钩。为了记住 偏侧化（左脑语言，右脑面孔加工），想象一张会说话的脸分裂：左边说话，右边画睫毛。
Apply chunking: group related terms. For example, memory topics: sensory register, STM, LTM, encoding, capacity, duration. Chunk them into a story: ‘Sensory Sally quickly stored her limited capacity grapes for long duration in the cellar.’
使用 组块化：将相关术语分组。例如记忆专题：感觉登记、短时记忆、长时记忆、编码、容量、持续时间。编故事：’感觉登记 Sally 迅速将限量的葡萄长时间存放在地窖里。’
Leverage rhymes and rhythms. Example: ‘A synapse gap is where transmitters snap, reuptake is a take-back clap.’ Self-made rhymes solidify recall.
借助 押韵与节奏。例如：’突触间隙递质跳，再摄取像回收蹈。’ 自编韵语能巩固回忆。
Finally, active recall is essential. Cover the English term, check if you can produce the definition in your own words, then write it out. Interleave different topics to mimic the unpredictability of CCEA papers.
最后，主动回忆 至关重要。遮住英文术语，看是否能用自己的话给出定义，然后写下来。交叉复习不同专题，以模拟 CCEA 试卷的不可预测性。
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