📚 WJEC A-Level Chinese: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Guide | WJEC A-Level 中文：公式定理速查手册
Mastering Chinese grammar patterns and sentence structures is essential for success in the WJEC A-Level Chinese examination. This quick reference handbook presents the most critical formulas and theorems as easy-to-memorise templates. Use it to power up your translation, writing, and speaking with precision and confidence.
掌握中文语法模式和句型结构是 WJEC A-Level 中文考试成功的关键。这份速查手册以易于记忆的模板形式呈现最重要的公式与定理。用它在笔译、写作和口语中精准、自信地表达。
1. The Basic Word Order Formula | 基本语序公式
The core Chinese sentence follows the Subject – Time – Place – Verb – Object sequence. Unlike English, time and place almost always precede the verb, and time comes before place. The formula is S + T + P + V + O.
中文核心句遵循 主语 – 时间 – 地点 – 动词 – 宾语 的顺序。与英语不同，时间地点通常放在动词之前，且时间在地点前。公式为 主语 + 时间 + 地点 + 动词 + 宾语。
Example: Wǒ zuótiān zài jiā lǐ xiě zuòyè. (I did homework at home yesterday.)
例子：我昨天在家里写作业。
For negated sentences, place the negative adverb bù or méi before the verb: S + T + P + bù/méi + V + O. The time and place positions remain unchanged.
否定句时，将否定副词 “不” 或 “没” 放在动词前：主语 + 时间 + 地点 + 不/没 + 动词 + 宾语。时间和地点的位置不变。
Example: Tā míngtiān bù qù xuéxiào. (He is not going to school tomorrow.)
例子：他明天不去学校。
2. The Attributive Modifier Formula | 定语修饰公式
An attributive modifier always appears before the noun it modifies, linked by the structural particle 的 (de). The formula is: Modifier + 的 + Noun. The modifier can be an adjective, a noun, a verb phrase, or even a whole clause.
定语修饰语总是放在它所修饰的名词前面，通过结构助词 “的” 连接。公式：修饰语 + 的 + 名词。修饰语可以是形容词、名词、动词短语，甚至是整个从句。
Adjective modifier: piàoliang de yīfu (beautiful clothes). Noun modifier: māma de shū (mother’s book).
形容词修饰：漂亮的衣服。名词修饰：妈妈的书。
Clause modifier: wǒ zuótiān mǎi de nà běn shū (the book that I bought yesterday). The whole clause wǒ zuótiān mǎi precedes 的 + nà běn shū.
从句修饰：我昨天买的那本书。整个从句 “我昨天买” 放在 “的 + 那本书” 之前。
In WJEC translation tasks, long attributive modifiers are frequently tested. Always remember to place the entire modifying chunk before the head noun and close with 的.
在 WJEC 翻译题中，长定语修饰语是常考点。务必记住把整个修饰块放在中心名词之前，并用 “的” 收尾。
3. The Adverbial Modifier Formula | 状语修饰公式
Adverbial modifiers describe the manner, scope, or frequency of an action and are placed before the main verb. The core formula is: Subject + Adverbial + 地 (de) + Verb. Adverbials can be adjectives, adverbs, or degree phrases.
状语修饰语描述动作的方式、范围或频率，放在主要动词之前。核心公式：主语 + 状语 + 地 + 动词。状语可以是形容词、副词或程度短语。
Manner adverbial: gāoxìng de shuō (say happily). Tā rènzhēn de xiě le zuòyè. (He did his homework carefully.)
方式状语：高兴地说。他认真地写了作业。
If the adverbial is a short adverb like hěn (very), kěndìng (definitely), or yǐjīng (already), 地 is often omitted: Wǒ hěn xǐhuan zhè bù diànyǐng.
如果状语是简短副词，如 “很”、“肯定”、“已经”， “地” 常常省略：我很喜欢这部电影。
When translating from English, reorder the adverbial before the verb; never place it at the end like English. This formula eliminates common word‑order mistakes.
从英语翻译时，要把状语移到动词前；绝不要像英语那样放在句末。这条公式能避免常见语序错误。
4. The Complement Formula – Result and Degree | 补语公式（结果/程度）
Chinese complements supply information about the result, degree, or direction of an action, always placed after the verb. Two high‑frequency complements are the resultative complement V + 完/到/见, and the degree complement V + 得 + Adj.
中文补语提供有关动作结果、程度或方向的信息，始终放在动词后面。两类高频补语是结果补语（动词+完/到/见）和程度补语（动词+得+形容词）。
Resultative complement formula: Action Verb + Result Verb (complement) + 了. Examples: kàn wán (finish reading), tīng dào (hear), mǎi dào (managed to buy). The particle 了 is usually required when the result is achieved.
结果补语公式：动作动词 + 结果动词（补语）+ 了。例子：看完、听到、买到。结果达成时通常需要助词 “了”。
Degree complement formula: Verb + 得 + Adjective/Adverb. Tā pǎo de kuài. (He runs fast.) Māmā zuò fàn zuò de hěn hǎochī. (Mum cooks very deliciously.) Note the verb often repeats when followed by an object.
程度补语公式：动词 + 得 + 形容词/副词。他跑得快。妈妈做饭做得很好吃。注意当动词带宾语时常需重复动词。
These complement structures appear very often in WJEC listening and reading papers. Use the formulas to decode meaning quickly.
这些补语结构频繁出现在 WJEC 听力和阅读卷中。用公式快速破解语义。
5. The 把 (bǎ) Sentence Formula | “把”字句公式
The 把 construction is used to emphasise how an object is disposed of, changed, or affected. The unshakeable formula is: Subject + 把 + Object + Verb + Complement/了. The object must be definite, and the verb must be transitive and processed.
“把”字句用于强调宾语如何被处置、改变或影响。不可动摇的公式是：主语 + 把 + 宾语 + 动词 + 补语/了。宾语必须是确指的，动词必须是及物的且带有处置义。
Basic example: Wǒ bǎ chá hē le. (I drank the tea.) – the tea is finished. Without 把: Wǒ hē le chá. is just a neutral report.
基本例子：我把茶喝了。– 茶已经喝完了。不用 “把”：我喝了茶，只是中性叙述。
Extension with complement: Qǐng nǐ bǎ shū fàng zài zhuōzi shàng. (Please put the book on the table.) Tā bǎ jiǎoshì dǎsǎo gānjìng le. (She cleaned the classroom spotlessly.)
带补语扩展：请你把书放在桌子上。她把教室打扫干净了。
In WJEC translation and writing, examiner expect accurate 把 usage when a definite object is clearly affected. If you miss it, the sentence may sound unnatural.
在 WJEC 翻译和写作中，当确指宾语受到明显影响时，考官期待准确使用 “把” 字句。遗漏可能使句子不自然。
6. The 被 (bèi) Passive Formula | “被”字句被动公式
To form a passive sentence where the receiver becomes the subject, use the formula: Receiver + 被 (+ Agent) + Verb + Complement/了. The agent can be omitted if unknown. The verb must be transitive and imply an impact.
构成被动句，让受事者成为主语，公式为：受事者 + 被 （+ 施事者） + 动词 + 补语/了。如果施事者未知，可省略。动词必须是及物的且带影响义。
Example with agent: nà zhī bǐ bèi tóngxué jiè zǒu le. (That pen was borrowed by a classmate.) Omitted agent: mén bèi guān shàng le. (The door was closed.)
带施事者的例子：那支笔被同学借走了。省略施事者：门被关上了。
Note that 被 often carries a negative connotation of adversity, but in modern Chinese neutral passives are also common: píngguǒ bèi qiē chéng le xiǎo kuài. (The apple was cut into small pieces.)
注意 “被” 常带有不如意的色彩，但在现代中文中中性被动也很普遍：苹果被切成了小块。
When translating English passives into Chinese, avoid mechanically converting every ‘was done’ into 被. Choose 被 only when the receiver is prominently affected. This theorem guides correct stylistic choices.
英译中时，不要机械地将每个 “was done” 都翻成 “被”。只有当受事者明显受影响时才选用 “被”。这条定理帮你做出得体的风格选择。
7. Comparison Formula Using 比 (bǐ) | 比较句公式（比）
The basic comparison uses the template: A + 比 + B + Adjective. To add the degree of difference, append 一些/一点儿 or 得多/多了. Never use both 比 and 一样 in the same clause.
基本比较使用模板：A + 比 + B + 形容词。要添加差异程度，可补上 “一些/一点儿” 或 “得多/多了”。绝不在同一分句中既用 “比” 又用 “一样”。
Examples: Tāde zhōngwén bǐ wǒ hǎo. (His Chinese is better than mine.) Zhè tiáo lù bǐ nà tiáo cháng yīdiǎnr. (This road is a little longer than that one.)
例子：他的中文比我好。这条路比那条长一点儿。
The negative form is A + 没有 + B + Adjective (not as … as), or use 不比 to negate the difference: tā bùbǐ wǒ gāo. (He is not taller than me, probably same height.)
否定式是 A + 没有 + B + 形容词（不如……），或者用 “不比” 否定差异：他不比我高。
Equality uses A + 跟/和 + B + 一样 + (Adjective). Mèimei gēn jiějie yīyàng piàoliang. (Younger sister is as pretty as elder sister.)
同等比较用 A + 跟/和 + B + 一样 +（形容词）。妹妹跟姐姐一样漂亮。
WJEC gap‑fill exercises routinely test the particle choice in comparisons. Treat these formulas as theorems: substituting 比 with another element changes the whole meaning.
WJEC 填空练习经常考查比较句中虚词的选择。将这些公式视为定理：用其他词替换 “比” 会改变整个语义。
8. The 是…的 (shì…de) Emphasis Formula | “是……的”强调公式
This structure highlights the time, place, manner, or agent of a past, completed action. Formula: Subject + 是 + Detail to emphasise + Verb + 的 (+ Object). The detail is the part of information already known to be true.
这个结构强调一个过去、已完成动作的时间、地点、方式或施事者。公式：主语 + 是 + 要强调的细节 + 动词 + 的（+ 宾语）。这部分细节是已知为真的信息。
Time emphasis: Wǒ shì qùnián lái Yīngguó de. (It was last year that I came to the UK.) Place: Tā shì zài Běijīng chūshēng de. (It was in Beijing that she was born.)
强调时间：我是去年来英国的。强调地点：她是在北京出生的。
If the object is a person or proper noun, 的 often moves after the object: Wǒ shì zuò huǒchē qù Běilún de. (It was by train that I went to Berlin.)
如果宾语是人或专有名词，“的” 常移至宾语后：我是坐火车去柏林的。
In speaking and writing, 是…的 frames the sentence as known background, which is a hallmark of native fluency. Exam candidates must not drop 的 when reporting past events in an emphatic tone.
在口语和写作中，“是……的” 将句子框定为已知背景，这是地道流利的标志。考生在以强调语气陈述过去事件时，不可遗漏 “的”。
9. The Pivotal Sentence Formula (兼语式) | 兼语句公式
A pivotal sentence has a noun that serves as the object of the first verb and the subject of the second. The classic pivotal verbs are 请 (qǐng, invite), 让 (ràng, let), 叫 (jiào, ask), and 使 (shǐ, cause). Formula: Subject + Pivotal Verb + Person + Predicate.
兼语句里有一个名词同时充当第一个动词的宾语和第二个动词的主语。经典兼语动词有 “请”、“让”、“叫”、“使”。公式：主语 + 兼语动词 + 人 + 谓语。
Example: Lǎoshī ràng wǒmen dú kèwén. (The teacher let us read the text.) Māmā qǐng kèrén chī fàn. (Mum invited the guest to eat.)
例子：老师让我们读课文。妈妈请客人吃饭。
Another subtype uses emotion verbs: wǒ xièxie nǐ bāngzhù wǒ. (I thank you for helping me.) The pivotal effect links two actions smoothly without conjunctions.
另一种亚型使用情感动词：我谢谢你帮助我。兼语效果平滑连接两个动作，无需连词。
Misplacing the object often creates awkward translations. Use this formula as a safety check: if you translate ‘asked him to come’ as *wèn tā lái, it fails; the correct version is qǐng tā lái, pivoting on tā.
放错宾语位置常造成别扭的翻译。用这个公式自查：如果把 “asked him to come” 译成 “问他来” 就错了，正确是 “请他來”，以 “他” 为兼语。
10. Connective Theorems for Compound Sentences | 复合句连接词定理
WJEC writing and translation tasks demand logical linking. The key theorem: pair the connecting adverb with the correct clause order, and never miss the counterpart in correlative pairs.
WJEC 写作和翻译题要求逻辑连接。关键定理：连接副词必须与正确的分句顺序配对，并且关联词决不能漏掉配对词。
Causal because…so… theorem: 因为…所以… (yīnwèi…suǒyǐ…). Rule: 因为 clause precedes 所以 clause. Yīnwèi tiānqì bù hǎo, suǒyǐ wǒmen dāi zài jiā. (Because the weather was bad, we stayed home.)
因果 “因为…所以…” 定理：因为 分句在前，所以 分句在后。因为天气不好，所以我们待在家。
Concessive although…but… theorem: 虽然…但是… (suīrán…dànshì…). Even though Chinese allows 但是 alone, the correlative pair is cleaner. Suīrán kǎoshì hěn nán, dànshì wǒ néng tōngguò.
让步 “虽然…但是…” 定理：虽然考试很难，但是我能通过。
Conditional if…then… theorem: 如果…就… (rúguǒ…jiù…). The 就 must be placed before the verb of the result clause. Rúguǒ nǐ yǒu shíjiān, jiù lái kàn wǒ.
条件 “如果…就…” 定理：如果你有时间，就来看我。
Not only…but also… theorem: 不但…而且… (bùdàn…érqiě…). Both clauses share the same subject, so the subject comes at the start: Tā bùdàn xuéxí hǎo, érqiě tǐyù yě hǎo.
递进 “不但…而且…” 定理：两个分句主语一致，主语放在句首：他不但学习好，而且体育也好。
Memorising these pairs as theorems will prevent broken logic and improve your essay cohesion score instantly.
把这些配对作为定理记下来，能即刻防止逻辑断裂并提升你作文的连贯性分数。
11. The Existential 有 (yǒu) Formula | “有”字句存在公式
To express existence of something at a location, use the template: Place + 有 + (number-measure) + Noun. This describes what exists, rather than what is located, which would use 是.
要表达某地存在某物，使用模板：地点 + 有 + （数量词）+ 名词。这描述的是存在，而不是方位，方位句会用 “是”。
Example: Zhuōzi shàng yǒu yī běn shū. (There is a book on the table.) Existential use: Wǒ jiā yǒu sān kǒu rén. (There are three people in my family.)
例子：桌子上有一本书。存在用法：我家有三口人。
The difference from 是: Zhiōngzi shàng shì yī běn shū implies ‘what is on the table is a book’ (identifying). Choose 有 for pure existence; 是 for identification. This formula resolves translation dilemmas.
与 “是” 的区别：桌子上是一本书 隐含 “桌上放着的东西是一本书”（指认）。纯粹的存在用 “有”，指认用 “是”。这条公式解决翻译两难困境。
For negation, use 没有: Jiàoshì lǐ méiyǒu xuéshēng. (There are no students in the classroom.)
否定用 “没有”：教室里没有学生。
WJEC reading transcripts frequently test this contrast. Apply the theorem: existence → 有, specification → 是.
WJEC 听力文本经常考查这一区别。运用定理：存在 → 有，指定 → 是。
12. Practical Writing Templates – Formulas for Letters and Essays | 实用写作模板（信件/议论文公式）
Formal letter salutation theorem: Zūnjìng de [Title/Name]: followed by a formal greeting. Closing formula: Cǐzhì jìnglǐ, followed by signature and date. Never mix informal slang into a formal letter.
正式信件称呼定理：尊敬的[头衔/名字]：后接正式问候语。结束公式：此致 敬礼，然后署名和日期。切勿在正式信件中夹杂口语俚语。
Argumentative essay opening theorem: Jìnrì, rénmen duì [topic] zhǎnkāi le rèliè tǎolùn (Recently people have had heated discussions about…). Counter‑argument connector: Yǒurén rènwéi…, rán’ér wǒ jiānchí… (Some people think…, however I insist…).
议论文开头定理：近日，人们对 [话题] 展开了热烈讨论。反驳连接：有人认为……，然而我坚持……。
Conclusion template: Zǒng’ér yán zhī (In conclusion), + summary + outlook. This produces a sustained, structured argument that fits WJEC marking criteria.
结论模板：总而言之，+ 总结 + 展望。这能产出符合 WJEC 评分标准的连续、有条理的议论。
For informal letter, opening: Qīn’ài de [name], Nǐ hǎo! Closing: Zhù hǎo! or Pàn wàng nǐ de huí xìn. By treating these as fixed formulas, you avoid structural panic under exam pressure.
非正式信件开头：亲爱的[名字]，你好！结尾：祝好！或盼望你的回信。把这些视为固定公式，在考场压力下你也不会措手不及。
Every WJEC written task benefits from a pre‑memorised framework. Treat these stylistic formulas as theorems of genre, and insert your specific content into the slots.
每一个 WJEC 写作任务都会受益于预先记熟的框架。把这些文体公式视为体裁定理，把你的具体内容填入槽位即可。
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