📚 Core Knowledge Review for KS3 OCR Psychology | KS3 OCR 心理学核心知识点梳理
Psychology is the fascinating study of mind and behaviour. At Key Stage 3, following the OCR syllabus, students explore foundational topics that help explain why people think, feel and act the way they do. This article provides a clear and concise overview of the core knowledge areas, from research methods to key psychological studies, supporting revision and deeper understanding.
心理学是对思维和行为的迷人研究。在KS3阶段，根据OCR教学大纲，学生探索基础主题，以解释人们思考、感受和行动的原因。本文清晰简洁地概述了核心知识领域，从研究方法到关键心理学研究，帮助复习和加深理解。
1. What is Psychology? | 什么是心理学？
Psychology is the scientific study of the human mind and behaviour. It uses empirical methods to observe, measure and explain mental processes and actions. Psychologists aim to describe, predict and sometimes change behaviour.
心理学是对人类思维和行为的科学研究。它运用经验方法来观察、测量和解释心理过程与行为。心理学家的目标是描述、预测，有时改变行为。
Unlike everyday opinions, psychological findings are based on evidence collected through research. This makes psychology a science, even though it deals with intangible concepts like thoughts and emotions.
与日常观念不同，心理学的发现基于通过研究收集的证据。这使得心理学成为一门科学，尽管它涉及思想和情绪等无形概念。
At KS3, you will learn to think like a psychologist: asking questions, designing investigations, and evaluating evidence.
在KS3阶段，你将学习像心理学家一样思考：提出问题、设计调查和评价证据。
2. Research Methods | 研究方法
Psychologists use various research methods to gather data. The choice of method depends on the research question. The main methods include experiments, observations, surveys and case studies.
心理学家使用各种研究方法来收集数据。方法的选择取决于研究问题。主要方法包括实验、观察、问卷调查和案例研究。
Experiments involve manipulating an independent variable (IV) to see its effect on a dependent variable (DV). For example, a researcher might change the amount of noise (IV) to measure its impact on concentration (DV).
实验涉及操纵自变量(IV)以观察其对因变量(DV)的影响。例如，研究者可能改变噪音量(IV)来衡量其对注意力的影响(DV)。
- Independent Variable (IV): The factor that is changed or manipulated by the researcher.
- Dependent Variable (DV): The factor that is measured; it depends on the IV.
- Extraneous Variables: Other factors that could affect the DV if not controlled.
- 自变量(IV): 由研究者改变或操纵的因素。
- 因变量(DV): 被测量的因素；它依赖于IV。
- 额外变量: 如果未被控制，可能影响DV的其他因素。
Observations allow psychologists to watch behaviour in natural or controlled settings. They can be participant (the researcher joins in) or non-participant. Surveys and questionnaires collect self-report data on attitudes, opinions or behaviours.
观察法让心理学家在自然或受控环境中观察行为。观察可以是参与式（研究者加入）或非参与式。调查和问卷收集关于态度、意见或行为的自我报告数据。
Case studies involve an in-depth investigation of a single individual or small group. They provide rich detail but may not be generalisable to others.
案例研究涉及对单个个体或小群体的深入调查。它们提供了丰富的细节，但可能无法推广到其他人。
3. Memory: Encoding, Storage and Retrieval | 记忆：编码、存储与提取
Memory is the process of taking in, storing, and later retrieving information. The three key stages are encoding (input), storage (holding) and retrieval (output).
记忆是接收、储存
Published by TutorHao | KS3 Psychology Revision Series | aleveler.com
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