📚 KS3 AQA Psychology: Key Terminology Memory Booster | KS3 AQA心理学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the technical language of psychology is the first step to thinking like a scientist. This guide breaks down the essential AQA KS3 psychology terms and provides simple memory hacks to help you retain them confidently.
掌握心理学的专业语言是像科学家一样思考的第一步。本指南拆解了AQA KS3心理学核心术语，并提供了简单的记忆诀窍，助你牢固掌握。
1. The Scientific Method in Psychology | 心理学中的科学方法
Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behaviour. To investigate, psychologists create a clear and testable hypothesis. A hypothesis predicts an effect – for example, ‘Students who sleep 8 hours will recall more words than students who sleep 4 hours.’
心理学是对心理和行为的科学研究。为了进行调查，心理学家提出明确且可检验的假设。假设预测了一种效果——例如，“睡眠8小时的学生比睡眠4小时的学生能回忆更多单词。”
The independent variable (IV) is the variable you change, and the dependent variable (DV) is what you measure. In the sleep study, IV = hours of sleep (8 vs 4), DV = number of words recalled.
自变量（IV）是你改变的变量，因变量（DV）是你测量的结果。在睡眠研究中，IV = 睡眠时长（8小时与4小时），DV = 回忆的单词数量。
A well-written hypothesis mentions both IV and DV and states the direction of the expected effect. This is called a directional or one-tailed hypothesis.
一个写得好好的假设会提及IV和DV，并说明预期效果的方向。这被称为定向或单尾假设。
2. Extraneous and Confounding Variables | 额外变量与混淆变量
To be confident that the IV caused the change in the DV, you must control any other factors. Extraneous variables are any variables except the IV that could affect the DV. They are ‘nuisance’ variables, such as noise in the room or participant mood. If an extraneous variable is not controlled and it systematically varies with the IV, it becomes a confounding variable.
为了确信IV导致了DV的变化，必须控制住其他因素。额外变量是除了IV之外可能影响DV的任何变量。它们是“干扰”变量，比如房间的噪音或参与者的情绪。如果额外变量没有被控制，且与IV系统地一起变化，它就成为了混淆变量。
For example, in the sleep study, if all the 8-hour sleep participants were tested in the morning and the 4-hour group in the evening, time of day becomes a confounding variable because you cannot tell if the result was due to sleep or time of day.
例如，在睡眠研究中，如果所有睡眠8小时的参与者都在早上测试，而4小时组在晚上测试，那么一天中的时间就成了混淆变量，因为你无法判断结果是源于睡眠还是时段。
Researchers use standardisation (keeping procedures exactly the same for all participants) and control conditions to manage extraneous variables.
研究者使用标准化（对所有参与者保持完全相同的程序）和控制条件来管理额外变量。
3. Experimental Designs | 实验设计
Choosing how to allocate participants to conditions is crucial. In independent groups design, different participants are used in each condition of the IV. Advantage: no order effects. Disadvantage: participant variables (individual differences) may confound the results. To reduce this, researchers randomly allocate participants.
如何将参与者分配到各条件至关重要。在独立组设计中，IV的每个条件使用不同的参与者。优点：无顺序效应。缺点：参与者变量（个体差异）可能混淆结果。为减少此影响，研究者随机分配参与者。
In repeated measures design, the same participants take part in all conditions. Advantage: participant variables are controlled. Disadvantage: order effects (boredom, practice) can distort the results. Counterbalancing (half do condition A then B, half do B then A) helps address this.
在重复测量设计Published by TutorHao | KS3 Psychology Revision Series | aleveler.com
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