📚 KS3 CAIE Engineering: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick-Memorization Guide | KS3 CAIE 工程：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the language of engineering is the first step to thinking like an engineer. This guide organises essential KS3 CAIE Engineering terms into themed sections, pairing clear definitions in English and Chinese, with memory hooks to make recall faster and more reliable.
掌握工程语言是像工程师一样思考的第一步。本指南将 KS3 CAIE 工程的关键术语按主题分类，给出清晰的英中双语定义，并附上记忆线索，帮助大家更快、更牢固地掌握它们。
1. Materials and Properties | 材料与性能
Tensile Strength describes how well a material resists being pulled apart. Imagine stretching a rubber band; the point just before it snaps is its tensile limit.
抗拉强度描述材料抵抗被拉断的能力。想象拉伸橡皮筋，即将拉断的那一刻就是它的抗拉极限。
Ductility is the ability of a material to be drawn into thin wires without breaking. Copper is highly ductile, which is why it is used for electrical wiring.
延展性是指材料能被拉成细丝而不断裂的能力。铜的延展性很好，因此被用来制造电线。
Hardness measures how resistant a material is to being scratched or indented. Diamond has extreme hardness, so it can scratch nearly any other surface.
硬度衡量材料抵抗划伤或压痕的能力。钻石的硬度极高，几乎可以划伤任何其他表面。
Toughness is different from hardness; it means the material can absorb impact energy without fracturing. Rubber is tough because it can deform and spring back.
韧性不同于硬度，它指材料能够吸收冲击能量而不发生断裂。橡胶具有韧性，因为它可以变形并回弹。
Elasticity allows a material to return to its original shape after being stretched or compressed. A spring shows high elasticity within its working range.
弹性让材料在拉伸或压缩后能恢复原始形状。弹簧在其工作范围内表现出高弹性。
Conductivity (thermal or electrical) tells us how easily heat or electricity flows through a substance. Metals like aluminium have high thermal and electrical conductivity.
导电/导热性表示热量或电流通过物质的容易程度。铝等金属具有较高的导热性和导电性。
2. Forces and Loads | 力与载荷
Tension is a pulling force that tries to stretch an object. Cables holding a suspension bridge deck are constantly under tension.
张力是试图拉伸物体的拉力。悬索桥的缆绳始终处于张力之下。
Compression is a pushing force that squeezes or shortens a material. Concrete pillars experience compression under the weight of a building.
压力是挤压或缩短材料的推力。混凝土柱子承受建筑物的重量，因而受到压力。
Shear Force acts when two parts slide past each other in opposite directions, like the force that cuts paper with scissors.
剪力发生在两个部分反向滑动时，就像剪刀剪纸的力一样。
Torque is a twisting force that causes rotation. When you use a spanner to tighten a nut, you apply torque.
扭矩是引起旋转的扭转力。用扳手拧紧螺母时，你就在施加扭矩。
Bending Moment is the internal force that causes a beam to curve. A long shelf with a heavy book in the middle experiences a significant bending moment.
弯矩是导致梁弯曲的内力。一块长搁板中间放一本重书，就会产生较大的弯矩。
Static Load is a constant, unchanging force applied to a structure, such as the weight of furniture sitting on a floor.
静载荷是施加在结构上的恒定不变的力，比如家具摆在地板上的重量。
Dynamic Load changes over time and can involve movement or impact, like a car crossing a bridge or a gust of wind hitting a wall.
动载荷随时间变化，可能涉及运动或冲击，比如汽车驶过桥梁或一阵风冲击墙壁。
3. Structures and Stability | 结构与稳定性
Truss is a frame composed of triangular units. Triangles do not deform easily, making trusses ideal for roofs and bridges.
桁架是由三角形单元构成的框架。三角形不易变形，因此桁架非常适合用于屋架和桥梁。
Beam is a horizontal structural member that resists bending. A steel I-beam supports floors in modern skyscrapers.
梁是承受弯曲的水平结构构件。现代摩天大楼中的工字钢梁支撑着楼板。
Column is a vertical compression member. Stone columns in ancient temples carried the roof loads straight down to the foundations.
柱是承受压力的竖向构件。古代神庙中的石柱将屋顶载荷直接向下传递到基础。
Bracing adds diagonal members to strengthen a frame against side-to-side sway. Cross-bracing in scaffolding prevents collapse.
支撑通过增加斜杆加强框架，抵抗侧向摇摆。脚手架中的交叉支撑可以防止倒塌。
Centre of Gravity is the point where all weight seems to be concentrated. Lowering the centre of gravity makes a racing car more stable on corners.
重心是全身重量看起来集中的点。降低重心能让赛车在弯道上更稳定。
Buckling occurs when a slender column suddenly bends sideways under compression. A drinking straw buckles easily if you push too hard from both ends.
屈曲指细长柱子在受压时突然发生侧向弯曲。如果从两端用力推一根吸管，它很容易发生屈曲。
4. Mechanisms and Motion | 机构与运动
Lever is a rigid bar pivoted on a fulcrum to multiply force. A seesaw is a first-class lever where effort and load are on opposite sides.
杠杆是一根绕支点转动的硬棒，用来放大力量。跷跷板是第一类杠杆，施力点与载荷在支点两侧。
Wheel and Axle work together so that a small force applied to the wheel can lift a heavier load on the axle. A doorknob uses this principle.
轮轴配合使用，使施加在轮上的小力能提升轴上的重物。门把手就运用了这个原理。
Pulley uses a grooved wheel and rope to change the direction of a force or gain mechanical advantage. A single moving pulley halves the effort needed.
滑轮利用有槽的轮子和绳索，改变力的方向或获得机械效益。一个动滑轮可以将所需力减半。
Gear Train transmits rotary motion and can increase torque or speed. A bicycle’s gears allow you to pedal easily uphill (low gear) or ride fast on flat ground (high gear).
齿轮组传递旋转运动，并能增加扭矩或速度。自行车的齿轮让你在上坡时轻松踩踏（低挡位），在平地骑快（高挡位）。
Cam converts rotary motion into reciprocating (back-and-forth) motion. A camshaft in an engine opens and closes valves.
凸轮将旋转运动转化为往复（前后）运动。发动机中的凸轮轴负责开启和关闭气门。
Oscillating Motion is a repetitive swing around a central point, like a pendulum of a clock. It is not full rotation.
摆动是围绕中心点反复摆动，就像钟摆一样，它并非完整的旋转运动。
5. Energy and Power Sources | 能源与动力源
Renewable Energy comes from sources that are naturally replenished, such as sunlight, wind, and water flow. Solar panels capture this energy without producing harmful emissions during use.
可再生能源来自自然补充的能量源，如阳光、风和水流。太阳能电池板收集这些能量，使用时不会产生有害排放。
Non-renewable Energy exists in finite reserves. Coal, oil and natural gas are fossil fuels that take millions of years to form and will eventually run out.
不可再生能源储量有限。煤、石油和天然气是化石燃料，需要数百万年才能形成，最终会耗尽。
Kinetic Energy is the energy of movement. A moving car, a spinning wind turbine blade, and a rolling ball all possess kinetic energy.
动能是运动所具有的能量。行驶的汽车、转动的风机叶片和滚动的球都具有动能。
Potential Energy is stored energy due to position or shape. A rock held above the ground has gravitational potential energy; a stretched spring stores elastic potential energy.
势能是由于位置或形状而储存的能量。拿在空中的石头具有重力势能；被拉伸的弹簧储存弹性势能。
Efficiency compares useful output energy to total input energy. An efficient electric motor converts most of the electrical power into mechanical rotation, wasting very little as heat.
效能比较有用的输出能量与总输入能量。一台高效电动机能将大部分电能转化为机械旋转，只有极少量浪费为热量。
6. Basic Electronics | 基础电子学
Circuit is a closed loop that allows electricity to flow. A simple circuit needs a power source, a load such as an LED, and wires.
电路是允许电流流动的闭合回路。一个简单电路需要电源、LED 等负载和导线。
Voltage (V) is the ‘push’ that drives electrons around a circuit. It is measured in volts. Think of it as the pressure difference in a water pipe.
电压 (V)是驱动电子在电路中流动的“推力”，以伏特为单位。可将其想象成水管中的压力差。
Current (I) is the flow rate of electric charge, measured in amperes (amps). More current means more electrons pass a point per second.
电流 (I)是电荷的流动速率，以安培为单位。电流越大，每秒通过某点的电子就越多。
Resistance (R) opposes the flow of current, measured in ohms (Ω). Long thin wires have higher resistance than short thick ones.
电阻 (R)阻碍电流的流动，以欧姆 (Ω) 为单位。长而细的导线比短而粗的导线电阻更大。
Ohm’s Law relates these three quantities: V = I × R. If you double the voltage and keep resistance constant, the current doubles.
欧姆定律将这三个量联系起来：电压 = 电流 × 电阻。若电压加倍而电阻不变，电流也会加倍。
Resistor is a component that provides a specific amount of resistance. Colour bands on a resistor tell you its value.
电阻器是提供特定电阻值的元件。电阻器上的色环指示其阻值大小。
Capacitor stores electrical energy temporarily. It is often used to smooth out voltage fluctuations in power supplies.
电容器暂时储存电能，常用于消除电源中的电压波动。
7. Measurement and Tools | 测量与工具
Vernier Caliper is a precision tool for measuring internal, external, and depth dimensions. It provides readings accurate to 0.1 mm or better.
游标卡尺是一种精密工具，用于测量内径、外径和深度尺寸，精度可达 0.1 mm 或更高。
Micrometer offers even greater precision, typically up to 0.01 mm. Engineers use it for measuring the thickness of wires and thin plates.
千分尺精度更高，通常可达 0.01 mm。工程师用它来测量线径和薄板厚度。
Tolerance is the permissible variation in a manufactured part’s dimensions. A tighter tolerance means less room for error, increasing production cost.
公差是零件尺寸允许的变动范围。公差越小，误差空间越小，生产成本越高。
Precision describes how closely repeated measurements agree with each other, while accuracy is how close those measurements are to the true value. Good engineering demands both.
精密度描述重复测量值之间的一致程度，而准确度指测量值与真实值的接近程度。好的工程要求两者兼备。
Spirit Level contains a bubble in a liquid-filled tube to check whether a surface is perfectly horizontal or vertical.
水平尺在充满液体的管内有一个气泡，用于检查表面是否完全水平或垂直。
8. Manufacturing Processes | 制造工艺
Casting involves pouring molten material into a mould. When it cools and solidifies, it takes the mould’s shape. Engine blocks are often made by casting.
铸造是将熔融材料浇入模具，冷却凝固后获得模具形状的工艺。发动机缸体通常采用铸造生产。
Forming reshapes a solid material without melting it, for example by bending, rolling or pressing sheet metal into a car body panel.
成形在不熔化材料的情况下重塑固体形状，例如通过弯曲、滚轧或冲压将金属板制成车身面板。
Welding joins two metal parts by melting the edges together, often with a filler rod. Arc welding uses an electric arc to generate intense heat.
焊接通过熔化边缘并加入焊条，将两个金属件连接起来。电弧焊利用电弧产生高温。
Adhesive Bonding uses glue-like substances to join materials. It is common in aircraft construction because it distributes stress across a wide area and saves weight.
粘合使用类似胶水的物质连接材料。飞机制造中常用粘合，因为它能在较宽区域分散应力并减轻重量。
3D Printing builds objects layer by layer from a digital model. It allows rapid prototyping and can create complex geometries that are impossible with traditional methods.
3D 打印根据数字模型逐层构建物体。它能快速制作原型，并可制造传统方法无法实现的复杂几何形状。
9. Safety and Risk Assessment | 安全与风险评估
Hazard is anything that has the potential to cause harm, such as a sharp blade, a hot surface, or a trailing cable.
危险源是任何可能造成伤害的事物，比如锋利的刀片、高温表面或散落的电缆。
Risk is the likelihood that a hazard will actually cause harm, combined with the severity of that harm. Wet floors increase the risk of slipping.
风险是指危险源实际造成伤害的可能性，结合伤害的严重程度。湿地会增加滑倒的风险。
PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) includes safety goggles, gloves, hard hats and steel-toe boots designed to protect the wearer.
个人防护装备 (PPE)包括安全护目镜、手套、安全帽和钢头靴，旨在保护使用者。
Risk Assessment is a systematic process of identifying hazards, evaluating risks and deciding on control measures. Engineers carry out a risk assessment before starting any practical activity.
风险评估是识别危险源、评估风险并确定控制措施的系统过程。工程师在开展任何实践活动前都会进行风险评估。
10. Design and Modelling | 设计与建模
CAD (Computer-Aided Design) software creates precise 2D or 3D drawings. Designers can test assembly fits and simulate motion before any physical prototype is made.
计算机辅助设计 (CAD) 软件用于创建精确的二维或三维图纸。设计人员可以在制造实体原型之前，测试装配配合并模拟运动。
CAM (Computer-Aided Manufacturing) uses computers to control machine tools such as CNC routers and laser cutters, sending design data directly to the production line.
计算机辅助制造 (CAM) 使用计算机控制数控雕刻机、激光切割机等机床，将设计数据直接发送到生产线。
Prototype is an early sample or model built to test a concept. Engineers evaluate a prototype and refine the design before mass production.
原型是为测试概念而构建的早期样品或模型。工程师评估原型，并在批量生产前完善设计。
Orthographic Projection shows a 3D object using several 2D views (usually front, top and side). All lines are projected perpendicular to the drawing plane.
正交投影通过多个二维视图（通常为正视图、俯视图和侧视图）展示三维物体，所有线条均垂直于图纸平面投影。
Isometric Drawing is a pictorial view where the three principal axes appear equally foreshortened, giving a clear 3D impression without perspective.
等角图是一种立体图，三条主轴看起来同等缩短，无需透视便能呈现清晰的三维效果。
11. Systems and Control | 系统与控制
Input signals enter a system from sensors or switches. A light-dependent resistor (LDR) sends an input to a streetlight controller as daylight fades.
输入信号从传感器或开关进入系统。随着天色变暗，光敏电阻 (LDR) 向路灯控制器发送输入信号。
Process is the decision-making and calculation that happens in a controller or microcontroller, turning inputs into appropriate actions.
处理是控制器或微控制器中进行的决策与运算，将输入信号转化为相应的动作。
Output is the result of the processing, such as a motor turning, an LED lighting up, or a buzzer sounding.
输出是处理的结果，例如电机转动、LED 点亮或蜂鸣器发声。
Open-loop Control has no feedback; the system follows a preset sequence without checking if the output is correct. A simple electric fan runs at a fixed speed regardless of room temperature.
开环控制没有反馈；系统按预设顺序运行，不检查输出是否正确。一台简单的电扇以固定速度转动，不管室温如何。
Closed-loop Control uses feedback to compare actual output with the desired value and automatically corrects errors. A thermostat controlling a boiler is a closed-loop system.
闭环控制利用反馈将实际输出与期望值比较，并自动纠正误差。控制锅炉的恒温器就是一个闭环系统。
Sensor detects physical quantities like temperature, pressure or light and converts them into signals. A thermistor is a temperature sensor.
传感器检测温度、压力、光线等物理量并转换为信号。热敏电阻就是一种温度传感器。
12. Memory Techniques for Engineering Vocabulary | 工程词汇记忆技巧
Word Roots: Many engineering terms come from Latin or Greek. ‘Ductile’ comes from ‘ducere’ meaning ‘to lead’, so a ductile metal can be drawn into a wire. Recognising roots speeds up learning.
词根法：许多工程词汇源自拉丁语或希腊语。“Ductile（延展的）”来自“ducere”，意为“引导”，因此延展性金属能被拉成丝。识别词根能加速学习。
Visual Anchors: Link words to vivid mental images. For ‘torque’, picture a giant spanner twisting a rusted bolt. The funnier the image, the stronger the memory.Published by TutorHao | KS3 工程 Revision Series | aleveler.com
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