KS3 CAIE Psychology: Quick Vocabulary Memorization Guide | KS3 CAIE 心理学：词汇术语速记指南

📚 KS3 CAIE Psychology: Quick Vocabulary Memorization Guide | KS3 CAIE 心理学：词汇术语速记指南

Psychology has its own language, and learning key terms is the first step towards thinking like a psychologist. This guide introduces essential vocabulary for KS3 CAIE Psychology and offers simple, effective memorization techniques to help you retain and apply these words with confidence.

心理学有自己的语言，学习关键术语是像心理学家一样思考的第一步。本指南将介绍 KS3 CAIE 心理学的基本词汇，并提供简单有效的记忆方法，帮助你自信地记住并运用这些词汇。

1. Why Memorize Terminology? | 为什么要记忆术语？

In psychology, precise vocabulary enables you to describe behaviours, mental processes, and research methods accurately. Memorizing terms is not just about passing exams; it helps you understand research studies, write clear explanations, and engage in psychological debates.

在心理学中，精确的词汇使你能够准确地描述行为、心理过程和研究方法。记忆术语不仅仅是为了通过考试；它还有助于你理解研究、撰写清晰的解释并参与心理学讨论。

Using the right word, such as ‘operationalisation’ instead of ‘making it measurable’, shows deeper understanding. A solid vocabulary also reduces confusion when reading textbook chapters or exam questions, saving you time and mental effort.

使用正确的词语，例如用’操作化’而不是’使其可测量’，表明更深的理解。扎实的词汇还能减少阅读教材章节或试卷问题时的困惑，节省你的时间和脑力。

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2. Core Branches of Psychology | 心理学的核心分支

Biological psychology: The study of how the brain, nervous system, hormones and genes influence behaviour. It often uses terms like ‘neuron’, ‘neurotransmitter’, and ‘localisation of function’.

生物心理学：研究大脑、神经系统、激素和基因如何影响行为的学科。它常用’神经元’、’神经递质’和’功能定位’等术语。

Cognitive psychology: Focuses on mental processes such as memory, perception, thinking and language. Key terms include ‘encoding’, ‘retrieval’, ‘schema’ and ‘attention’.

认知心理学：关注记忆、感知、思维和语言等心理过程。关键词包括’编码’、’提取’、’图式’和’注意’。

Developmental psychology: Examines how people grow and change across the lifespan, especially in childhood. Important vocabulary: ‘attachment’, ‘object permanence’, ‘conservation’ and ‘stage theory’.

发展心理学：研究人们在一生中如何成长和变化，尤其是童年期。重要词汇：’依恋’、’客体永久性’、’守恒’和’阶段理论’。

Social psychology: Investigates how individuals are influenced by others and by the social context. Terms such as ‘conformity’, ‘obedience’, ‘stereotype’ and ‘group norms’ appear frequently.

社会心理学：研究个体如何受他人和社会环境影响。经常出现的术语有’从众’、’服从’、’刻板印象’和’群体规范’。

Individual differences: The study of personality, intelligence and what makes each person unique. Core terms: ‘trait’, ‘IQ’, ‘self-esteem’ and ‘locus of control’.

个体差异：研究人格、智力以及使人独特的因素的学科。核心术语：’特质’、’智商’、’自尊’和’控制点’。

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3. Research Methods Vocabulary | 研究方法词汇

Hypothesis: A testable statement predicting the relationship between variables. A good hypothesis is clear, specific and falsifiable.

假设：一个可检验的陈述，预测变量之间的关系。一个好的假设是清晰、具体且可证伪的。

Independent variable (IV): The factor that is manipulated or changed by the researcher to observe its effect.

自变量 (IV)：由研究者操纵或改变的因素，以观察其影响。

Dependent variable (DV): The factor that is measured; it is expected to change as a result of the IV.

因变量 (DV)：被测量的因素；预期它会因自变量的变化而改变。

Operationalisation: Defining variables in a way that they can be accurately measured or manipulated. For example, ‘aggression’ could be operationalised as ‘number of times a child hits a doll’.

操作化：用能够被精确测量或操纵的方式定义变量。例如，’攻击性’可以操作化为’儿童击打玩偶的次数’。

Control condition: The group in an experiment that does not receive the experimental treatment, serving as a baseline for comparison.

控制条件：实验中不接受实验处理的组，作为比较的基线。

Correlation: A measure of the relationship between two variables, ranging from -1 to +1. It does not imply causation.

相关：对两个变量之间关系的度量，范围从 -1 到 +1。它并不意味着因果关系。

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4. Cognitive Psychology Terms | 认知心理学词汇

Encoding: The process of converting sensory input into a form that can be stored in memory. Visual, acoustic and semantic encoding are three main types.

编码：将感觉输入转换为可以存储在记忆中的形式的过程。视觉、听觉和语义编码是三种主要类型。

Storage: Retaining information over time. Models such as the multi-store model describe sensory register, short-term memory and long-term memory storage.

存储：随时间保留信息。像多存储模型这样的理论描述了感觉登记、短时记忆和长时记忆的存储。

Retrieval: Accessing stored information when needed. Retrieval cues, such as context or state, can improve success.

提取：在需要时访问存储的信息。提取线索，如环境或状态，可以提高成功率。

Short-term memory (STM): A temporary memory store with limited capacity (about 7±2 items) and duration (about 18-30 seconds without rehearsal).

短时记忆 (STM)：一个容量有限（约 7±2 个项目）且持续时间短（不进行复述时约 18-30 秒）的临时记忆存储。

Long-term memory (LTM): A relatively permanent memory store with potentially unlimited capacity and duration. Semantic, episodic and procedural memories are subtypes.

长时记忆 (LTM)：一个相对永久的记忆存储，具有潜在的无限容量和持续时间。语义记忆、情景记忆和程序性记忆是其子类型。

Schema: A mental framework of beliefs and expectations that helps us organise and interpret information. Schemas can lead to memory distortions.

图式：一个帮助我们组织和解释信息的信念与预期的心理框架。图式可能导致记忆扭曲。

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5. Developmental Psychology Terms | 发展心理学词汇

Attachment: An emotional bond between an infant and a caregiver, which is essential for social and emotional development. The Strange Situation is a common method for assessing attachment types.

依恋：婴儿与照料者之间的情感纽带，对社会和情感发展至关重要。陌生情境法是评估依恋类型的常用方法。

Object permanence: Understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen. According to Piaget, this develops at around 8-12 months.

客体永久性：理解即使看不到物体，它们仍然存在。根据皮亚杰，这大约在 8-12 个月时发展出来。

Conservation: The realisation that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape or appearance. Children typically master conservation of number, mass and volume in stages.

守恒：意识到尽管形状或外观发生变化，量仍然保持不变。儿童通常分阶段掌握数量、质量和体积的守恒。

Egocentrism: The inability to see a situation from another person’s point of view. Piaget argued that young children are egocentric in their thinking.

自我中心：无法从他人的视角看待情境。皮亚杰认为年幼儿童的思维是自我中心的。

Stage theory: The idea that development occurs through a series of distinct, sequential stages. Piaget’s cognitive development theory and Kohlberg’s moral development theory are examples.

阶段理论：认为发展通过一系列独立、有序的阶段进行。皮亚杰的认知发展理论和科尔伯格的道德发展理论都是例子。

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6. Social Psychology Terms | 社会心理学词汇

Conformity: A change in behaviour or belief to fit in with a group. Asch’s line experiments demonstrated the power of normative social influence.

从众：为了与群体一致而改变行为或信念。阿希的线段实验证明了规范社会影响的力量。

Obedience: Following direct commands, usually from an authority figure. Milgram’s studies showed how ordinary people could administer severe shocks when instructed.

服从：遵循直接命令，通常来自权威人物。米尔格拉姆的研究显示了普通人在被指示时可以施加严重电击。

Social influence: The process by which an individual’s attitudes, beliefs or behaviours are modified by the presence or actions of others. It includes conformity, obedience and minority influence.

社会影响：个体的态度、信念或行为因他人的存在或行为而发生改变的过程。它包括从众、服从和少数派影响。

Stereotype: A widely held but oversimplified and generalised belief about a particular group of people. Stereotypes can be positive or negative and may lead to prejudice.

刻板印象：一种广泛持有但过于简化、概括的关于特定人群的信念。刻板印象可以是积极的或消极的，并可能引发偏见。

Prejudice: An unjustifiable (usually negative) attitude towards a group and its members. It often involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminate.

偏见：对某个群体及其成员的一种不合理的（通常是负面的）态度。它常涉及刻板信念、负面情感和歧视倾向。

Discrimination: Unjustifiable negative behaviour toward a group or its members. Discrimination is the behavioural expression of prejudice.

歧视：对某个群体或其成员的不合理的负面行为。歧视是偏见的行为表现。

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7. Biological Psychology Terms | 生物心理学词汇

Neuron: A nerve cell that is the basic building block of the nervous system. It transmits electrical and chemical signals throughout the body.

神经元：一种神经细胞，是神经系统的基本构建单元。它在全身传递电信号和化学信号。

Synapse: The tiny gap between neurons where neurotransmitters are released to allow communication between cells.

突触：神经元之间的微小间隙，在此释放神经递质以实现细胞间的通信。

Neurotransmitter: A chemical messenger that transmits signals across a synapse. Examples include dopamine, serotonin and acetylcholine.

神经递质：一种化学信使，在突触间传递信号。例如多巴胺、血清素和乙酰胆碱。

Central nervous system (CNS): Consists of the brain and spinal cord. It processes information and coordinates bodily functions.

中枢神经系统 (CNS)：由脑和脊髓组成。它处理信息并协调身体功能。

Peripheral nervous system (PNS): The network of nerves outside the CNS that connects it to the rest of the body. It includes somatic and autonomic subdivisions.

周围神经系统 (PNS)：位于 CNS 之外的神经网络，将其与身体其余部分连接。包括躯体神经和自主神经分支。

Localisation of function: The theory that specific brain areas are responsible for particular functions, e.g. Broca’s area for speech production.

功能定位：认为特定脑区负责特定功能的理论，例如布罗卡区负责言语生成。

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8. Individual Differences Terms | 个体差异词汇

Personality: An individual’s characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving. Trait theories, like the Big Five, describe personality along dimensions such as extraversion and neuroticism.

人格：个体在思维、情感和行为上的特有模式。特质理论，如大五模型，沿着外向性、神经质等维度描述人格。

Trait: A relatively stable, enduring predisposition to behave in a certain way. Examples include sociability, impulsivity and conscientiousness.

特质：一种相对稳定、持久的行为倾向。例如社交性、冲动性和尽责性。

Intelligence: The ability to learn from experience, solve problems and adapt to new situations. It is often measured by IQ tests, though there are multiple theories about its structure.

智力：从经验中学习、解决问题和适应新情境的能力。它通常通过智商测验测量，尽管关于其结构有多种理论。

Self-esteem: A person’s overall sense of self-worth or personal value. High self-esteem is associated with resilience, while low self-esteem can be a risk factor for depression.

自尊：一个人对自我价值或个人价值的总体感受。高自尊与韧性相关，而低自尊可能是抑郁症的风险因素。

Self-concept: The cognitive representation of oneself, including beliefs about personal attributes, roles and values. It develops through social interaction and self-reflection.

自我概念：对自身的认知表征，包括关于个人属性、角色和价值观的信念。它通过社会互动和自我反思发展起来。

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9. Memory Tricks: Mnemonics, Association & Chunking | 记忆技巧：助记符、联想与组块

Mnemonics are memory aids that use vivid imagery, acronyms or rhymes. For example, to remember the Big Five personality factors (OCEAN), use ‘Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism’ – the word OCEAN itself is a cue.

助记符是使用生动意象、首字母缩略词或押韵来辅助记忆的工具。例如，为记住大五人格因素 (OCEAN)，用’开放性、尽责性、外向性、宜人性、神经质’——OCEAN 这个词本身就是一个提示。

Another mnemonic: ‘Some People Can Fly’ to recall the four lobes of the brain: Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal. The silliness makes it stick.

另一个助记符：’Some People Can Fly’（有人能飞）可用于记忆大脑四个叶：额叶、顶叶、枕叶、颞叶。荒诞性能让它印象深刻。

Association involves linking a new term with something you already know. For ‘synapse’, imagine a ‘sin’ crossing a ‘gap’; the gap between neurons needs a signal to cross. For ‘conservation’, think of the liquid volume staying constant despite glass shapes changing – picture a tall, thin glass and a short, wide one holding the same water.

联想是将新术语与已知事物联系。对于’synapse’，想象一个’sin’（罪恶）穿过一个’gap’（空隙）；神经元之间的空隙需要信号穿越。对于’守恒’，想象液体量不变，尽管玻璃杯形状改变——描摹一个高瘦杯和一个矮宽杯盛着等量的水。

Chunking groups items into meaningful units. Instead of memorising 10 isolated terms, organise them into categories: research methods terms, cognitive terms, social terms, etc. The brain handles chunks of about 7 items more easily, so grouping helps.

组块将项目组合成有意义的单元。与其孤立地记忆 10 个术语，不如将它们分类：研究方法术语、认知术语、社会术语等。大脑处理大约 7 个项目的信息组块更容易，因此分组很有帮助。

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10. Self-Testing & Revision Strategies | 自测与复习策略

Active recall: Instead of re-reading notes, actively retrieve information from memory. After studying a term, close the page and say its definition aloud or write it down without looking.

主动回忆：与其重读笔记，不如主动地从记忆中提取信息。学完一个术语后，合上页面，大声说出其定义或默写出来。

Flashcards: Create cards with a term on one side and its definition plus an example on the other. Shuffle them and test yourself. Use digital tools or physical cards, and separate the ones you get wrong for extra practice.

抽认卡：制作卡片，一面写术语，另一面写定义和一个例子。打乱卡片并自测。使用数字工具或实体卡片，将答错的卡片分离出来额外练习。

Spaced repetition: Review terms at increasing intervals – after one day, three days, one week, etc. This exploits the spacing effect, which improves long-term retention much more than cramming.

间隔重复：按逐渐增加的时间间隔复习术语——一天后、三天后、一周后等。这利用了间隔效应，它比突击学习更能提高长期记忆。

Teach someone else: Explaining a concept to a friend, family member or even an imaginary audience forces you to organise your thoughts clearly and reveals gaps in your understanding. Use simple analogies and examples.

教给别人：向朋友、家人甚至假想的听众解释一个概念，迫使你清晰地组织思维，并暴露理解上的漏洞。使用简单的类比和例子。

Use the terms in sentences: Write sentences or short paragraphs that connect several terms meaningfully. For example, ‘The researcher used an independent variable to test her hypothesis, then measured the dependent variable to see if there was a correlation.’ This builds semantic networks in memory.

用术语造句：写出将几个术语有意义地联系在一起的句子或短段落。例如，’研究者使用自变量来检验假设，然后测量因变量看是否存在相关。’这能在记忆中建立语义网络。

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