KS3 Cambridge Physical Education: Vocabulary Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | KS3剑桥体育：词汇术语速记指南

📚 KS3 Cambridge Physical Education: Vocabulary Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | KS3剑桥体育：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering key terminology in Physical Education is essential for KS3 Cambridge students. This guide compiles crucial vocabulary across all topics, with paired English-Chinese definitions to boost memorisation. Use it to build a solid foundation for both practical performance and theoretical understanding.

掌握体育学科的关键术语对于 KS3 剑桥阶段学生至关重要。本指南汇编了所有主题中的重要词汇，并提供了配对的中英文释义，以加强记忆。利用它，为实践表现和理论理解打下坚实基础。

1. Fundamental Movement Vocabulary | 基本动作词汇

Locomotor Skills are movement patterns that involve travelling from one place to another, such as walking, running, jumping, hopping, skipping, and galloping.

位移技能是指从一个地方移动到另一个地方的运动模式，例如走、跑、跳、单脚跳、跳跃步和侧滑步。

Non-locomotor Skills are movements performed without travelling, such as bending, twisting, stretching, swaying, and turning.

非位移技能是指不移动位置的动作，例如弯曲、扭转、拉伸、摇摆和转身。

Manipulative Skills involve controlling objects with the hands or feet, e.g. throwing, catching, kicking, striking, and dribbling.

操控技能涉及用手或脚控制物体，例如投掷、接球、踢、击打和运球。

Agility is the ability to change direction quickly and effectively while maintaining control and balance.

敏捷性是指在保持控制与平衡的前提下快速有效地改变方向的能力。

Balance refers to the ability to keep the body’s centre of mass over its base of support, whether stationary (static) or moving (dynamic).

平衡是指将身体重心保持在支撑面之上的能力，分为静止性（静态）平衡和运动性（动态）平衡。

Coordination is the smooth integration of different body parts to perform movements efficiently, such as hand-eye coordination.

协调性是指不同身体部位高效协同完成动作的能力，例如手眼协调。

Reaction Time is the duration between a stimulus and the initiation of a voluntary movement in response.

反应时是刺激出现与自主反应动作开始之间的时间间隔。

Power combines strength and speed, describing the ability to exert maximal force in minimal time (explosive effort).

爆发力是力量与速度的结合，指在最短时间内发挥最大力量的能力。

Speed is the rate at which a person can cover a distance or perform a movement in a short time.

速度是指人体快速通过一段距离或完成动作的速率。

Endurance is the capacity to sustain prolonged physical activity without undue fatigue, often divided into cardiovascular and muscular endurance.

耐力是指长时间持续运动而不感到过度疲劳的能力，通常分为心血管耐力和肌肉耐力。

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2. Skeletal and Muscular System Terms | 骨骼与肌肉系统术语

Femur is the long bone in the thigh, the strongest bone in the human body, connecting the hip to the knee.

股骨是大腿中的长骨，人体最强壮的骨骼，连接髋关节与膝关节。

Tibia is the shin bone, the larger of the two lower leg bones, bearing most of the body’s weight.

胫骨是小腿内侧较粗的骨骼，承受大部分体重。

Humerus is the bone of the upper arm, running from the shoulder to the elbow.

肱骨是上臂骨，从肩部延伸至肘部。

Radius and Ulna are the two bones in the forearm; the radius is on the thumb side, the ulna on the little-finger side.

桡骨与尺骨是前臂的两根骨骼；桡骨在拇指侧，尺骨在小指侧。

Pelvis is the basin-shaped structure that connects the spine to the legs and protects internal organs.

骨盆是连接脊柱与下肢的盆状结构，保护内部器官。

Vertebral Column (spine) is made up of individual vertebrae, providing support, protection for the spinal cord, and flexibility.

脊柱由单个椎骨组成，提供支撑、保护脊髓并赋予身体灵活性。

Biceps is the muscle at the front of the upper arm that contracts to flex the elbow.

肱二头肌是上臂前侧的肌肉，收缩时使肘关节屈曲。

Triceps is the muscle at the back of the upper arm that extends the elbow.

肱三头肌是上臂后侧的肌肉，负责伸展肘关节。

Quadriceps are the group of four muscles on the front of the thigh that straighten the knee.

股四头肌是大腿前侧的肌群，负责伸直膝关节。

Hamstrings are the muscles at the back of the thigh that bend the knee and extend the hip.

腘绳肌是大腿后侧的肌肉，负责屈曲膝关节和伸展髋关节。

Gastrocnemius is the calf muscle that points the foot downwards (plantar flexion) and assists knee bending.

腓肠肌是小腿后侧的肌肉，负责足部跖屈并辅助屈膝。

Abdominals are the muscles of the stomach wall that support the trunk, assist posture, and enable trunk flexion.

腹肌是腹壁肌群，支撑躯干、维持姿势并帮助躯干屈曲。

Hinge Joint allows motion in one plane only, like the knee and elbow (flexion and extension).

屈戌关节（铰链关节）只允许在一个平面内运动，例如膝关节和肘关节（屈伸运动）。

Ball and Socket Joint permits movement in multiple planes, e.g. shoulder and hip, allowing flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation.

球窝关节允许在多平面运动，例如肩关节和髋关节，可进行屈、伸、外展、内收和旋转。

Flexion decreases the angle at a joint (e.g. bending the elbow).

屈曲减小关节角度（如屈肘）。

Extension increases the angle at a joint (e.g. straightening the elbow).

伸展增大关节角度（如伸肘）。

Abduction moves a limb away from the midline of the body.

外展使肢体远离身体中线。

Adduction moves a limb towards the midline of the body.

内收使肢体移向身体中线。

Rotation turns a bone around its long axis, e.g. turning the head side to side.

旋转使骨绕其长轴转动，如左右转头。

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3. Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Health | 心肺适能与健康

Heart Rate (HR) is the number of times the heart beats per minute (bpm). Resting heart rate is lower in fitter individuals.

心率是每分钟心脏搏动的次数（次/分）。体能较好的人静息心率较低。

Maximum Heart Rate is often estimated as 220 minus age, representing the peak rate the heart can achieve during all-out effort.

最大心率通常用 220 – 年龄估算，代表心脏在全力运动时能达到的最高频率。

Stroke Volume is the amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle per beat. Training increases stroke volume.

每搏输出量是左心室每次搏动所泵出的血量。训练可增加每搏输出量。

Cardiac Output is the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute (stroke volume × heart rate).

心输出量是心脏每分钟泵出的血液总量（每搏输出量 × 心率）。

Aerobic Respiration uses oxygen to break down glucose and release energy for sustained activity, producing carbon dioxide and water.

有氧呼吸利用氧气分解葡萄糖释放能量，用于持久运动，产生二氧化碳和水。

Anaerobic Respiration breaks down glucose without oxygen, providing quick energy for high-intensity bursts but producing lactic acid.

无氧呼吸在无氧条件下分解葡萄糖，为高强度爆发提供快速能量，但产生乳酸。

Oxygen Debt is the extra oxygen needed after strenuous exercise to remove lactic acid and restore the body to its resting state.

氧债是剧烈运动后为清除乳酸、使身体恢复安静状态所需的额外氧气。

VO₂ Max is the maximal oxygen uptake, a key indicator of aerobic endurance capacity.

最大摄氧量即 VO₂ Max，是评价有氧耐力水平的关键指标。

Breathing Rate (ventilation rate) is the number of breaths taken per minute; it increases during exercise to supply more oxygen.

呼吸频率是每分钟呼吸次数，运动时升高以供应更多氧气。

Tidal Volume is the amount of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath; it rises during physical activity.

潮气量是每次正常吸气或呼气的气体量，运动时增加。

Vital Capacity is the maximum amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a maximum inhalation.

肺活量是最大吸气后尽力呼出的最大气体量。

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4. Principles of Training (FITT) | 训练原则 (FITT)

Frequency refers to how often training occurs, e.g. 3 times per week.

频率指每周训练的次数，例如每周 3 次。

Intensity is how hard the exercise is, often measured by heart rate, perceived exertion, or load lifted.

强度指运动的困难程度，常用心率、主观感觉或举起的重量来衡量。

Time is the duration of the training session or the length of each activity bout.

时间是每次训练课的持续时间或单个运动单元的时长。

Type describes the kind of exercise performed, such as running, cycling, swimming, or resistance training.

类型指所进行运动的种类，例如跑步、骑行、游泳或抗阻训练。

Progressive Overload means gradually increasing the stress placed on the body during training so that fitness continues to improve.

渐进超负荷指逐步增加训练中给予身体的负荷，使体能持续得到提升。

Specificity states that training should match the demands of the sport or goal, e.g. a sprinter focuses on speed and power.

专项性原则要求训练与运动项目或目标的需求相匹配，例如短跑选手侧重速度和爆发力训练。

Reversibility is the principle that fitness gains are lost when training stops; “use it or lose it”.

可逆性指停止训练后体能水平会下降的原则，即”用进废退”。

Individual Needs recognise that training should be tailored to a person’s unique fitness level, ability, and goals.

个体差异性要求根据个人体能水平、能力和目标调整训练计划。

Rest and Recovery are essential periods that allow the body to repair and adapt, preventing overuse injuries and overtraining.

休息与恢复是必要的时段，让身体修复和适应，防止过劳损伤与训练过度。

Warm-Up is a gradual increase in intensity through pulse-raising activities, stretching, and sport-specific drills before the main activity.

热身在主要活动前通过提高心率的运动、伸展和专项练习逐渐增加强度。

Cool-Down involves low-intensity activity and stretching after exercise to aid recovery, remove waste products, and reduce muscle soreness.

整理活动是运动后进行低强度活动和伸展，帮助恢复、清除代谢废物并减轻肌肉酸痛。

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5. Sports Injuries and Prevention | 运动损伤与预防

Sprain is an injury to a ligament caused by overstretching or tearing, often at a joint like the ankle.

扭伤是韧带因过度拉伸或撕裂导致的损伤，常见于踝等关节。

Strain is an injury to a muscle or tendon, often referred to as a pulled muscle.

拉伤是肌肉或肌腱的损伤，通常称为肌肉拉伤。

Fracture is a break or crack in a bone, which can be simple (closed) or compound (open).

骨折是骨头的断裂或裂纹，可分为闭合性骨折和开放性骨折。

Dislocation occurs when a bone is forced out of its normal position in a joint.

脱臼是指骨头被从关节的正常位置挤出。

Concussion is a mild traumatic brain injury caused by a blow to the head; symptoms include headache, confusion, and dizziness.

脑震荡是头部受撞击引起的轻度脑创伤，症状包括头痛、意识混乱和头晕。

Abrasion (graze) is a superficial wound where the top layer of skin is scraped off.

擦伤是皮肤表层被磨去的浅表伤口。

RICE stands for Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation – the immediate first-aid protocol for soft tissue injuries.

RICE 原则指休息、冰敷、加压、抬高 – 软组织损伤的即时急救方案。

PRICE adds Protection at the start: Protect the injured area before applying RICE.

PRICE 原则在 RICE 前增加保护，先保护好受伤部位再进行 RICE 处理。

Protective Equipment includes items such as shin pads, mouth guards, helmets, and knee pads that reduce injury risk.

护具包括护胫板、护齿、头盔和护膝等，用于降低受伤风险。

Warm-Up (in injury prevention) prepares muscles and joints by increasing blood flow and elasticity, reducing the chance of strains and sprains.

热身（在损伤预防方面）通过增加血流和弹性来准备肌肉和关节，降低拉伤和扭伤风险。

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6. Skill Acquisition and Tactics | 技能习得与战术

Open Skill is performed in an unpredictable, changing environment where the performer must react to external factors, e.g. a tackle in football.

开放性技能在不可预测、变化的环境中执行，运动员需对外界因素做出反应，例如足球中的抢断。

Closed Skill takes place in a stable, predictable setting, often self-paced, like a free throw in basketball or a forward roll in gymnastics.

闭锁性技能在稳定、可预测的环境中执行，常由自身控制节奏，如篮球罚球或体操前滚翻。

Discrete Skill has a clear beginning and end, e.g. a single jump or a golf swing.

分立技能有明确的开始和结束，例如一次跳跃或一次高尔夫挥杆。

Serial Skill combines several discrete skills in a sequence, like a gymnastics floor routine.

序列技能将多个分立技能组合成一个序列，如体操自由操套路。

Continuous Skill has no obvious beginning or end, with movement repeated cyclically, e.g. running, cycling, swimming.

连续性技能无明显起止点，动作循环重复，例如跑步、骑行和游泳。

Intrinsic Feedback comes from the performer’s own senses, such as feeling how a shot was struck.

内在反馈来自运动员自身感觉，例如感觉到击球的质量。

Extrinsic Feedback is information provided by an external source, such as a coach, video, or result on a scoreboard.

外在反馈是来自外部源的信息，

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