KS3 CCEA Biology: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | KS3 CCEA 生物：词汇术语速记指南

📚 KS3 CCEA Biology: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | KS3 CCEA 生物：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering biological vocabulary is essential for success in KS3 CCEA Science. These terms are not just words to memorise; they unlock the concepts behind living organisms, processes and systems. This guide will help you quickly memorise key terms through clear explanations, examples, and memory strategies.

掌握生物学术语词汇是 KS3 CCEA 科学成功的关键。这些术语不仅仅是需要记住的单词，它们揭示了生物体、生命过程和系统背后的概念。本指南将通过清晰的解释、示例和记忆策略帮助你快速记住关键术语。

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1. Why Master Terminology? | 为何要掌握术语？

Biology is full of specific vocabulary that describes structures, processes, and relationships. Learning these terms accurately helps you understand exam questions, write precise answers, and think like a scientist. In KS3 assessments, marks are often awarded for correct spelling and usage of scientific words.

生物学充满了描述结构、过程和关系的特定词汇。准确学习这些术语有助于你理解考题、写出准确的答案，并像科学家一样思考。在 KS3 评估中，正确拼写和使用科学词汇往往能直接得分。

Once you know the core vocabulary, you can link ideas together and see how cells build tissues, tissues form organs, and organs work in systems. Treat learning biology terms like learning a new language: the more you use them, the more natural they become.

一旦掌握了核心词汇，你就能把知识点串联起来，看到细胞如何组成组织，组织如何形成器官，器官又如何协同成系统。把学习生物术语当成学习一门新语言：用得越多，它们就越自然。

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2. Key Cell Structures | 关键细胞结构

Nucleus: The control centre of the cell, containing genetic material (DNA) that carries instructions for all cell activities.

细胞核：细胞的控制中心，含有携带所有细胞活动指令的遗传物质（DNA）。

Cytoplasm: A jelly-like substance inside the cell membrane where most chemical reactions take place. It holds organelles in place.

细胞质：细胞膜内一种胶状物质，大多数化学反应在此发生，并固定细胞器。

Cell membrane: A thin layer that surrounds the cell, controlling which substances enter and leave the cell. It is selectively permeable.

细胞膜：包裹细胞的薄层，控制物质的进出，具有选择透过性。

Cell wall: A rigid outer layer found in plant cells (and some other organisms) made of cellulose. It provides support and shape.

细胞壁：植物细胞（及一些其他生物）外层的坚固结构，由纤维素构成，起支持和维持形状的作用。

Chloroplast: An organelle found in plant cells that contains chlorophyll and carries out photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy.

叶绿体：植物细胞中的细胞器，含有叶绿素并进行光合作用，将光能转化为化学能。

Vacuole: A large, fluid-filled sac in plant cells that stores water, nutrients and waste. It helps maintain turgor pressure and keeps the cell firm.

液泡：植物细胞中的大型液体囊，储存水分、养分和废物，帮助维持膨压并保持细胞坚挺。

Mitochondria: Organelles known as the “powerhouses” of the cell. They carry out aerobic respiration, releasing energy from glucose using oxygen.

线粒体：被称为细胞 “动力工厂” 的细胞器，进行有氧呼吸，利用氧气从葡萄糖中释放能量。

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3. Tissues, Organs and Systems | 组织、器官与系统

Tissue: A group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function. For example, muscle tissue contracts to produce movement.

组织：一组形态相似的细胞共同发挥特定功能，例如肌肉组织通过收缩产生运动。

Organ: A structure made up of different types of tissues that coordinate to carry out a vital function. The heart is an organ that pumps blood around the body.

器官：由不同类型组织构成、协同完成重要功能的结构。心脏是一个泵送血液到全身的器官。

Organ system: A group of organs that work together to perform a complex overall function. The digestive system breaks down food and absorbs nutrients.

器官系统：一组器官协同工作，执行复杂的整体功能。消化系统分解食物并吸收营养。

Organism: A single living individual made up of organ systems functioning together. All organisms carry out life processes such as movement, respiration and reproduction.

生物体：由多个器官系统协同作用的单个生命个体。所有生物体都进行运动、呼吸和生殖等生命活动。

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4. Digestive System Terms | 消化系统术语

Mouth: The opening where food enters the digestive system. Mechanical digestion begins here through chewing, and saliva containing enzymes starts chemical digestion.

口腔：食物进入消化系统的入口。咀嚼开始机械消化，含有酶的唾液启动化学消化。

Oesophagus: A muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach. Waves of muscle contractions called peristalsis push food downwards.

食道：连接口腔与胃的肌肉管。称为蠕动的肌肉收缩波推动食物向下移动。

Stomach: A muscular bag that churns food and mixes it with gastric juice containing acid and enzymes to continue protein digestion.

胃：一个肌肉袋，搅动食物并将其与含有酸和酶的胃液混合，继续蛋白质的消化。

Small intestine: A long, narrow tube where most digestion of food and absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream occurs. Enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver assist here.

小肠：一条长而窄的管道，大部分食物的消化和营养吸收进入血液的过程在此发生。来自胰腺的酶和来自肝脏的胆汁在此协助。

Large intestine: The wider tube that absorbs water and salts from undigested material, forming faeces to be eliminated from the body.

大肠：较宽的管道，从未消化的残渣中吸收水分和盐分，形成粪便并排出体外。

Enzyme: A biological catalyst, usually a protein, that speeds up chemical reactions without being used up. Enzymes in digestion break down large molecules into smaller, absorbable ones.

酶：一种生物催化剂，通常是蛋白质，能够加速化学反应而自身不被消耗。消化酶将大分子分解为可吸收的小分子。

Absorption: The process by which digested food molecules move from the small intestine into the bloodstream. The inner wall of the small intestine is folded into villi to increase surface area.

吸收：消化后的食物分子从小肠进入血液的过程。小肠内壁折叠成绒毛以增大表面积。

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5. Circulatory System Basics | 循环系统基础

Heart: A muscular organ that acts as a pump to circulate blood throughout the body. It has four chambers: two atria and two ventricles.

心脏：一个肌性器官，作为泵将血液输送到全身。它有四个腔室：两个心房和两个心室。

Artery: A thick-walled blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart. Most arteries carry oxygenated blood (except the pulmonary artery).

动脉：管壁较厚的血管，将血液从心脏运出。大多数动脉运输含氧血（肺动脉除外）。

Vein: A blood vessel that returns blood to the heart. Veins have thinner walls and contain valves to prevent backflow; they often carry deoxygenated blood.

静脉：将血液送回心脏的血管。静脉管壁较薄并有瓣膜防止倒流，通常运输脱氧血。

Capillary: Tiny, thin-walled blood vessels that connect arteries and veins. Substances such as oxygen, carbon dioxide and nutrients are exchanged with body cells through the capillary walls.

毛细血管：连接动脉和静脉的极细、薄壁血管。氧气、二氧化碳和营养物质通过毛细血管壁与体细胞交换。

Red blood cell: A disc-shaped cell containing haemoglobin, which binds to oxygen in the lungs and releases it to tissues. It has no nucleus to maximise space for haemoglobin.

红细胞：圆盘状细胞，含有血红蛋白，在肺部结合氧气并向组织释放。它没有细胞核，以最大化血红蛋白的空间。

White blood cell: Cells of the immune system that defend the body against pathogens. They can engulf microbes or produce antibodies.

白细胞：免疫系统的细胞，防御病原体。它们能吞噬微生物或产生抗体。

Platelet: Tiny cell fragments in the blood that help clotting. They clump together at a wound to form a plug and release chemicals for clot formation.

血小板：血液中极小的细胞碎片，帮助凝血。它们在伤口处聚集形成栓塞并释放化学物质促进凝块形成。

Plasma: The straw-coloured liquid part of blood that carries cells, nutrients, hormones and waste products around the body.

血浆：血液中淡黄色的液体部分，运输细胞、营养物质、激素和废物。

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6. Respiratory System | 呼吸系统

Trachea: The windpipe, a tube reinforced with rings of cartilage, that carries air from the throat to the bronchi.

气管：由软骨环加固的管道，将空气从咽喉输送到支气管。

Bronchi: The two main branches of the trachea that lead into each lung. They further divide into smaller bronchioles.

支气管：气管的两大分支，分别进入左右两肺，并进一步分支为更小的细支气管。

Bronchioles: Smaller air passages inside the lungs that end in clusters of tiny air sacs called alveoli.

细支气管：肺内更小的空气通道，末端为成簇的微小气囊——肺泡。

Alveoli: Tiny, balloon-like air sacs where gas exchange occurs. Oxygen diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out. Alveoli have thin walls and a large surface area.

肺泡：微小的气球状气囊，气体交换在此发生。氧气扩散入血，二氧化碳扩散出。肺泡壁薄且表面积大。

Gas exchange: The movement of oxygen from the air into the blood, and carbon dioxide from the blood into the air. It happens by diffusion across the alveolar and capillary walls.

气体交换：氧气从空气进入血液、二氧化碳从血液进入空气的过程，通过扩散跨越肺泡壁和毛细血管壁进行。

Breathing: The physical process of inhaling and exhaling air. It involves the diaphragm and intercostal muscles to change lung volume.

呼吸（通气）：吸入和呼出空气的物理过程，通过膈肌和肋间肌改变肺容积。

Respiration: A chemical reaction that releases energy from glucose inside cells. It should not be confused with breathing. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen: glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water (+ energy).

呼吸作用：细胞内从葡萄糖释放能量的化学反应，注意与呼吸（通气）区分。有氧呼吸利用氧气：葡萄糖 + 氧气 → 二氧化碳 + 水（+ 能量）。

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7. Plant Biology Vocabulary | 植物生物学词汇

Photosynthesis: The process by which green plants make their own food (glucose) from carbon dioxide and water, using light energy trapped by chlorophyll. Oxygen is released as a by-product. Word equation: carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen.

光合作用：绿色植物利用叶绿素捕获的光能，由二氧化碳和水制造食物（葡萄糖）的过程，同时释放氧气。文字方程式：二氧化碳 + 水 → 葡萄糖 + 氧气。

Chloroplast: The organelle within plant cells where photosynthesis occurs. It contains the green pigment chlorophyll.

叶绿体：植物细胞内进行光合作用的细胞器，含有绿色色素叶绿素。

Chlorophyll: A green pigment found in chloroplasts that absorbs light energy, primarily from the blue and red parts of the spectrum, for photosynthesis.

叶绿素：叶绿体中的绿色色素，吸收主要来自蓝光和红光的光能用于光合作用。

Xylem: Plant vascular tissue made of hollow tubes that transport water and dissolved minerals from the roots upwards to the stems and leaves. Xylem cells are dead and have lignin-strengthened walls.

木质部：由中空管道构成的植物维管组织，将水分和溶解的矿物质从根部向上运输到茎和叶。木质部细胞已死，细胞壁由木质素加强。

Phloem: Plant vascular tissue that transports dissolved sugars (mainly sucrose) and amino acids from photosynthetic areas to growing and storage parts. Phloem cells are living.

韧皮部：将溶解的糖（主要是蔗糖）和氨基酸从光合作用区域运输到生长和储存部位的植物维管组织。韧皮部细胞是活的。

Stomata: Tiny pores, mostly on the lower surface of leaves, that allow gas exchange. Each stoma is surrounded by two guard cells that control its opening and closing.

气孔：叶片（多为下表皮）上的微小开孔，允许气体交换。每个气孔由两个保卫细胞包围，控制其开闭。

Transpiration: The evaporation of water vapour from plant leaves through stomata. It creates a tension that pulls water up the xylem in the transpiration stream.

蒸腾作用：水蒸气通过气孔从植物叶片蒸发的过程。它产生拉力，通过蒸腾流将水沿木质部向上拉。

Root hair cell: A specialised cell in plant roots with a long, thin extension that greatly increases the surface area for absorption of water and minerals from the soil.

根毛细胞：植物根部的一种特化细胞，具有细长的突起，大大增加了从土壤中吸收水分和矿物质的表面积。

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8. Ecology and Environment Terms | 生态与环境术语

Habitat: The natural environment where an organism lives. It provides food, shelter and a place to reproduce.

栖息地：生物生存的自然环境，提供食物、庇护和繁殖场所。

Ecosystem: A community of living organisms interacting with one another and their non-living (abiotic) environment, such as sunlight, soil and water. Examples include a pond, woodland or rock pool.

生态系统：生物群落与其非生物（如阳光、土壤和水）环境相互作用的整体。例如池塘、林地或潮池。

Population: All the individuals of a single species living in a particular area at the same time.

种群：同一物种在同一时间、同一区域生存的所有个体。

Community: All the different populations of organisms that live and interact together in the same habitat.

群落：在同一栖息地共同生活并相互作用的不同物种种群的总和。

Producer: An organism that makes its own food using energy from the sun (or chemicals). Green plants and algae are producers; they start nearly all food chains.

生产者：利用太阳（或化学物质）能量制造自己食物的生物。绿色植物和藻类是生产者，几乎所有的食物链都从其开始。

Consumer: An organism that obtains energy by eating other organisms. Primary consumers eat producers; secondary consumers eat primary consumers, and so on.

消费者：通过取食其他生物来获取能量的生物。初级消费者吃生产者；次级消费者吃初级消费者，依此类推。

Decomposer: An organism, such as a bacterium or fungus, that breaks down dead organic material and recycles nutrients back into the ecosystem.

分解者：如细菌或真菌等生物，分解死去的有机物并将营养物质循环回生态系统。

Food chain: A diagram showing the transfer of energy from one organism to another, starting with a producer. Arrows point from the food to the eater: grass → rabbit → fox.

食物链：显示能量从一个生物转移到另一个生物的图示，始于生产者。箭头从食物指向取食者：青草 → 兔子 → 狐狸。

Food web: A network of interconnected food chains that shows the feeding relationships in an ecosystem more realistically.

食物网：相互连接的食物链网络，更真实

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