📚 KS3 CCEA Sociology: Key Terminology Quick Revision Guide | KS3 CCEA 社会学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the language of sociology is the first step to understanding how society works. This quick revision guide breaks down the essential terms you need to know for KS3 CCEA Sociology, grouped into clear themes and explained in simple, paired English and Chinese definitions. Use it to test yourself, build your glossary, and feel confident in class discussions and assessments.
掌握社会学的语言是理解社会如何运作的第一步。这份速记指南将 KS3 CCEA 社会学必备的核心词汇按主题分组，用简洁的英文与中文定义对照解释。你可以用它来自我测验、建立自己的词汇表，并在课堂讨论和评估中充满信心。
1. Foundational Concepts | 基础概念
Society: A group of people who share a common territory, culture, and institutions, and who interact with one another.
社会： 共享同一地域、文化和制度，并相互交往的一群人。
Social structure: The organised pattern of relationships and institutions that together form the basis of society.
社会结构： 由各种关系和制度构成的、奠定社会基础的有组织模式。
Social institution: An established organisation or practice in a society, such as the family, education system, or government.
社会制度： 社会中既定的组织或实践，例如家庭、教育体系或政府。
Social order: The way in which the various components of society work together to maintain stability and consensus.
社会秩序： 社会各组成部分共同运作以维持稳定与共识的方式。
Status: A person’s position within a social group or society, which can be ascribed (given at birth) or achieved (earned through effort).
地位： 个人在社会群体或社会中所处的位置，可以是先赋的（与生俱来）或自致的（通过努力获得）。
2. Socialisation & Identity | 社会化与身份认同
Socialisation: The lifelong process through which individuals learn the norms, values, and behaviours appropriate to their society.
社会化： 个体学习其社会所认可规范、价值观和行为的终身过程。
Primary socialisation: The first and most important stage of socialisation, occurring within the family, where children learn basic language, values, and norms.
初级社会化： 社会化的第一个也是最重要的阶段，发生在家庭内部，儿童在此学习基本语言、价值观和规范。
Secondary socialisation: Socialisation that takes place outside the family, through agencies such as schools, peer groups, and the media.
次级社会化： 发生在家庭之外的社会化，通过学校、同伴群体和媒体等机构进行。
Identity: An individual’s sense of self, formed through social interaction and influenced by factors such as gender, ethnicity, class, and nationality.
身份认同： 个体对自我的认知，通过社会互动形成，并受性别、种族、阶级和国籍等因素影响。
Agency of socialisation: Any group or context in which significant socialisation occurs, such as the family, education, peer group, media, and religion.
社会化媒介： 发生重要社会化的任何群体或情境，例如家庭、教育、同伴群体、媒体和宗教。
3. Culture & Norms | 文化与规范
Culture: The whole way of life of a particular society, including its language, beliefs, customs, and material objects.
文化： 某一特定社会的整体生活方式，包括其语言、信仰、习俗和物质对象。
Norms: The unwritten rules of behaviour that are considered acceptable in a group or society.
规范： 在群体或社会中被视为可接受的行为的潜规则。
Values: The shared beliefs about what is right, wrong, desirable, and undesirable in a society.
价值观： 社会中关于是非、可取与不可取的共同信念。
Subculture: A smaller group within a larger culture that has its own distinctive norms, values, and lifestyle, while still sharing some aspects of the main culture.
亚文化： 大文化中的较小群体，拥有自己独特的规范、价值观和生活方式，同时仍分享主流文化的某些方面。
Cultural diversity: The existence of a variety of cultural or ethnic groups within a single society.
文化多样性： 单一社会中存在多种文化或族群的现象。
4. Family & Household | 家庭与住户
Family: A group of people related by blood, marriage, or adoption who often live together and support one another emotionally and economically.
家庭： 由血缘、婚姻或收养关系联系起来的一群人，通常住在一起并在情感和经济上相互扶持。
Household: One person living alone or a group of people who share a living arrangement, such as a house or flat, but who may or may not be related.
住户： 单独居住的个人，或共享居住安排（如房屋或公寓）、但不一定有亲属关系的一群人。
Nuclear family: A family unit consisting of two generations: parents and their dependent children.
核心家庭： 由两代人组成的家庭单元：父母及其受抚养子女。
Extended family: A family structure that includes relatives beyond the nuclear family, such as grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins, often living nearby or together.
扩展家庭： 包含核心家庭以外亲属的家庭结构，如祖父母、姑姨、叔舅和堂表亲，通常住在附近或共同居住。
Family diversity: The variety of family forms found in contemporary society, including lone-parent families, reconstituted families, and same-sex parent families.
家庭多样性： 当代社会中存在的多种家庭形式，包括单亲家庭、重组家庭和同性双亲家庭。
5. Education | 教育
Formal curriculum: The official, planned programme of subjects and content that schools are expected to teach and assess.
正式课程： 学校被期望教授和评估的官方规划学科与内容方案。
Hidden curriculum: The informal and often unintended lessons, values, and perspectives that students learn through the routines, rules, and social interactions of school life.
隐性课程： 学生通过学校日常、规则和社会互动而学到的非正式且常属无意的经验、价值观和观点。
Meritocracy: A system in which individuals achieve success and rewards based on their own ability and effort, rather than on their background.
精英管理（贤能主义）： 个体基于自身能力和努力而非出身取得成功与回报的制度。
Streaming: The practice of grouping students by perceived ability for all or most of their subjects.
能力分班： 根据学生被认定的能力，将他们分入相同班级学习全部或大部分科目的做法。
Material deprivation: A lack of physical and economic resources, such as adequate housing, diet, and study facilities, which can negatively affect educational achievement.
物质匮乏： 缺乏物质和经济资源，如合适的住房、饮食和学习设施，这可能对学业成就产生负面影响。
6. Social Stratification | 社会分层
Social stratification: The way society is organised into different layers or strata based on factors such as class, wealth, income, status, and power.
社会分层： 社会根据阶级、财富、收入、地位和权力等因素被组织成不同层面的方式。
Social class: A group of people who share a similar economic position in society, often based on occupation, income, and wealth.
社会阶级： 在社会中享有相似经济地位的一群人，通常基于职业、收入和财富来划分。
Life chances: The opportunities an individual has to obtain things regarded as desirable in society, such as good health, education, and a comfortable standard of living.
生活机会： 个人获得社会视为可贵之物的机会，如健康、优质教育和舒适的生活水平。
Social mobility: The movement of individuals or groups between different positions in the stratification system, which can be upward or downward.
社会流动： 个人或群体在分层体系中不同位置间的移动，可以是向上流动或向下流动。
Relative poverty: A situation in which a person’s resources fall significantly below the average standard of living in their society, limiting their ability to participate fully in normal activities.
相对贫困： 一个人的资源远低于其社会平均生活水平，从而限制了其充分参与正常活动的能力。
7. Crime & Deviance | 犯罪与越轨行为
Crime: An act that breaks a formal law and is punishable by the legal system.
犯罪： 违反正式法律并会受到法律体系惩罚的行为。
Deviance: Behaviour that goes against the dominant norms and expectations of a particular society or group, which may or may not be illegal.
越轨行为： 违背特定社会或群体主流规范和期望的行为，它可能是非法的，也可能不是。
Anomie: A state of normlessness or breakdown of social rules and values, often occurring during periods of rapid social change.
失范： 社会规则与价值观缺失或崩溃的状态，常发生在社会快速变革时期。
Formal social control: Control of behaviour exercised by authorised agents, such as the police, courts, and prisons, based on written laws.
正式社会控制： 由警察、法院和监狱等授权机构基于成文法律实施的行为控制。
Informal social control: The unwritten ways in which society regulates behaviour through pressures from family, friends, and community, using mechanisms like praise, criticism, and ridicule.
非正式社会控制： 社会通过家庭、朋友和社区的压力，运用表扬、批评和嘲弄等机制来调节行为的非成文方式。
8. Media & Technology | 媒体与科技
Mass media: Forms of communication that reach large audiences simultaneously, including television, radio, newspapers, and the internet.
大众媒体： 能够同时触达大量受众的传播形式，包括电视、广播、报纸和互联网。
Media representation: The way the media portray particular groups, communities, experiences, ideas, or topics, which can shape public perceptions.
媒体再现： 媒体描绘特定群体、社区、经验、思想或话题的方式，这可以塑造公众认知。
Digital divide: The gap between those who have easy access to the internet and digital technology and those who do not, often linked to factors like age, income, and geography.
数字鸿沟： 能够便捷使用互联网与数字技术者与无法使用者之间的差距，常与年龄、收入和地域等因素相关。
New media: Interactive digital technologies that allow users to create, share, and respond to content, such as social networking sites and video platforms.
新媒体： 允许用户创建、分享和回应内容的交互式数字技术，如社交网站和视频平台。
Moral panic: An exaggerated public reaction to an issue or group, often intensified by the media, which defines it as a threat to society’s values and well-being.
道德恐慌： 公众对某一问题或群体的过度反应，常因媒体渲染而加剧，将其定义为对社会价值观与福祉的威胁。
9. Research Methods | 研究方法
Primary data: Information collected directly by the researcher for the specific purpose of their study, through methods such as questionnaires, interviews, or observations.
一手数据： 研究者为其特定研究目的直接收集的信息，通过问卷、访谈或观察等方法获得。
Secondary data: Information that already exists and has been collected by someone else for a different purpose, such as official statistics, historical documents, or previous research.
二手数据： 已经存在、由其他人出于不同目的收集的信息，如官方统计、历史文献或以往的研究。
Questionnaire: A set of written questions given to respondents, which can include closed questions (with set answers) and open-ended questions (allowing free responses).
问卷： 提供给受访者的一套书面问题，可包括封闭式问题（提供固定答案）和开放式问题（允许自由回答）。
Interview: A method involving direct questioning of participants, which can be structured (set questions), unstructured (free-flowing conversation), or semi-structured.
访谈： 直接向参与者提问的方法，可以是结构化（设定问题）、非结构化（自由交谈）或半结构化的。
Observation: A method in which the researcher watches and records behaviour, either as a participant (participant observation) or as an outsider (non-participant observation).
观察法： 研究者观察并记录行为的方法，可作为参与观察者参与其中，也可作为非参与观察者置身事外。
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