KS3 CIE Geography: Key Vocabulary Quick-Remember Guide | KS3 CIE 地理：词汇术语速记指南

📚 KS3 CIE Geography: Key Vocabulary Quick-Remember Guide | KS3 CIE 地理：词汇术语速记指南

Geography is a subject built on precise language. Whether you are describing the shape of a river valley, explaining why some places are more densely populated than others, or interpreting a weather map, the correct terms make your answers sharper and more accurate. This guide is designed to help KS3 CIE Geography students memorise essential vocabulary quickly and effectively, using simple memory techniques that work with your brain’s natural learning patterns. You will not just read a list of definitions; you will discover how to link words to images, group them by theme, and use word roots to unlock meanings, making revision feel less like a chore and more like a puzzle you enjoy solving.

地理是一门建立在精确语言之上的学科。无论你是在描述河谷的形状、解释为什么某些地区人口更稠密，还是在解读天气图，正确的术语都能让你的回答更加清晰准确。本指南旨在帮助 KS3 CIE 地理学生快速有效地记忆基本词汇，采用与你大脑自然学习模式相匹配的简单记忆技巧。你不会只是阅读一串定义，而是会学到如何将词语与图像关联、按主题分组、利用词根来破解含义，让复习不再像苦差事，反而像你乐于解答的谜题。

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1. Why Mastering Vocabulary Matters in Geography | 为什么掌握地理词汇很重要

Imagine trying to tell a friend about a football match without knowing the words ‘goal’, ‘penalty’, or ‘offside’. Your story would become confusing and vague. The same is true in geography. Without words like ‘erosion’, ‘urbanisation’, or ‘precipitation’, your descriptions of the world remain fuzzy. Examiners look for precise terminology because it shows you genuinely understand the processes, not just the general ideas. Knowing the specific vocabulary also helps you decode questions faster, so you spend less time puzzling over what is being asked and more time writing strong answers.

想象一下，你想跟朋友描述一场足球赛，却不知道 ‘进球’、’点球’ 或 ‘越位’ 这些词，你的故事就会变得含混不清。地理学也是如此。没有 ‘侵蚀’、’城市化’ 或 ‘降水’ 这类词汇，你对世界的描述就会模糊。考官看重精准的术语，因为这表明你真正理解了过程，而不仅仅是大致概念。掌握特定词汇还能帮助你更快地解读题目，从而减少纠结题目要求的时间，把更多精力花在写出有力的答案上。

Vocabulary also builds confidence. When you can label a diagram of a meander with ‘river cliff’ and ‘slip-off slope’ without hesitating, you feel in control. Each new word is like a tool in your geographer’s toolkit. The good news is you do not need to memorise hundreds of words in one go. By using smart strategies, you can pick up key terms naturally and remember them for the long term.

词汇还能建立信心。当你能毫不犹豫地在曲流示意图上标注 ‘river cliff’（凹岸）和 ‘slip-off slope’（滑走坡）时，你会感到胸有成竹。每个新词都是你地理工具箱中的一件工具。好消息是，你不需要一口气背下数百个词。通过使用聪明的策略，你可以自然而然地掌握关键术语并长期记住它们。

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2. Memory Technique 1: Word Association & Imagery | 记忆技巧一：词语联想与图像化

The human brain loves images and stories. Instead of repeating ‘abrasion’ twenty times, connect it with a vivid mental picture. Abrasion in rivers and coasts is the scraping of rock surfaces by particles carried in the water, a bit like sandpaper smoothing wood. Picture a giant piece of sandpaper moving along a riverbed, wearing it down. For ‘attrition’, where rocks knock against each other and become smaller and rounder, imagine two pebbles having a boxing match, chipping pieces off each other until they are smooth. The sillier the image, the better it sticks.

人类大脑喜爱图像和故事。不要将 ‘abrasion’（磨蚀）重复二十遍，而是将它和一幅生动的心理画面联系起来。河流和海岸中的磨蚀，是指被水流携带的颗粒物刮擦岩石表面，有点像砂纸打磨木头。想象一张巨大的砂纸沿着河床移动，将它磨平。对于 ‘attrition’（磨圆作用），即岩石相互碰撞变小变圆，想象两块鹅卵石在打拳击赛，互相打掉碎片直到变得光滑。画面越滑稽，记得越牢。

You can also build mini-stories with the words. Take ‘infiltration’ (water soaking into the soil) and ‘percolation’ (water moving deeper through rock layers). Visualise a raindrop called ‘Infiltration’ tiptoeing quietly into the topsoil, and then a deeper character ‘Percolation’ sinking slowly through cracks in the bedrock. This story makes the sequence and meaning clear. Pairing an English term with a memorable Chinese association can also help bilingual learners: for example, ‘evaporation’ sounds a bit like ‘e- vapour- ation’, and ‘vapour’ is steam, so water turning into vapour. A quick doodle in your notebook beside each word strengthens recall every time you glance at it.

你也可以用这些词编迷你故事。拿 ‘infiltration’（下渗）和 ‘percolation’（渗透）来说，想象一个叫 ‘下渗’ 的雨滴踮着脚尖悄悄潜入表层土壤，然后一个更深层的角色 ‘渗透’ 慢慢沉入基岩的裂缝。这个故事让顺序和含义一目了然。对于双语言学习者，将英文术语与好记的中文联想也很有帮助：比如 ‘evaporation’（蒸发）听起来有点像 ‘e-vapour-ation’，而 ‘vapour’ 即水蒸气，所以水变成蒸汽。笔记本上每个词旁边随手画个简图，每次瞥见都能加强记忆。

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3. Memory Technique 2: Grouping by Theme | 记忆技巧二：按主题分组

Your brain organises information by linking related concepts. Geography terms are much easier to recall when you categorise them. Create mind maps or simple tables that group words under headings like ‘River Processes’, ‘Coastal Landforms’, ‘Weather and Climate’, ‘Population’, and ‘Map Skills’. Under river processes, you might have a sub-group of ‘erosion’ containing hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition, and solution (corrosion). Having these siblings together helps you see the differences between them at a glance, which is exactly what multiple-choice and short-answer questions often test.

你的大脑通过连接相关概念来组织信息。地理术语分类后更容易回忆。创建思维导图或简单表格，把词汇归结在诸如 ‘河流过程’、’海岸地貌’、’天气与气候’、’人口’ 和 ‘地图技能’ 等标题下。在河流过程下，你可能有一个 ‘侵蚀’ 子组，包含水力作用、磨蚀、磨圆作用和溶蚀。把这些 ‘兄弟姐妹’ 放在一起，能让你一眼看出它们之间的区别，而这正是选择题和简答题常考的内容。

Another powerful grouping method is opposites or contrasting pairs. For instance, ‘weathering’ (the breakdown of rocks in place) versus ‘erosion’ (the removal of broken material). ‘Immigration’ (moving into a country) versus ’emigration’ (moving out). ‘Birth rate’ versus ‘death rate’. ‘High-pressure system’ versus ‘low-pressure system’. Placing them side by side in your notes with a clear dividing line helps you remember not just the definitions but the relationships. You can colour-code your groups: blue for water-related terms, green for vegetation and biomes, red for warnings and hazards, yellow for population and cities. The colours provide an extra memory hook.

另一个强大的分组方法是对立或对比组。比如，’weathering’（风化，岩石原地分解）与 ‘erosion’（侵蚀，破碎物质的移除）；’immigration’（移入）与 ’emigration’（移出）；’birth rate’（出生率）与 ‘death rate’（死亡率）；’high-pressure system’（高压系统）与 ‘low-pressure system’（低压系统）。在笔记中将它们并排摆放，画上清晰的分隔线，这不仅能帮你记住定义，还能理解其关系。你可以给各组涂上颜色：水相关词用蓝色，植被和生物群落用绿色，灾害用红色，人口与城市用黄色。这些颜色提供了额外的记忆钩子。

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4. Climate & Weather Terms | 气候与天气术语

Weather and climate are often confused. A simple memory fix: ‘weather’ is what you get day to day; ‘climate’ is the long-term average, what you expect. Think ‘weather is your mood today, climate is your personality over years’. Other key terms include precipitation (any form of water falling from the sky – rain, snow, sleet, hail). Visualise a ‘precipitation party’ with different characters falling. Temperature range is the difference between the highest and lowest temperature in a day, month, or year. To recall ‘range’, think of a mountain range with a high peak and a low valley – the distance between them.

天气和气候常被混淆。一个简单的记忆方法：’weather’（天气）是你每日所遇；’climate’（气候）是长期的平均值，是你所预期的。想想 ‘天气是你今天的心情，气候是你多年的性格’。其他关键术语包括 precipitation（降水，任何从天而降的水——雨、雪、雨夹雪、冰雹）。想象一场 ‘降水派对’，不同角色纷纷落下。temperature range（温差）是一天、一月或一年内最高温与最低温的差值。要记住 ‘range’（范围），可以联想山脉有高峰和低谷——它们之间的差距。

Air pressure is another essential idea. High pressure usually brings settled, dry weather because air sinks and warms. Low pressure brings cloud and rain because air rises, cools, and condenses. Use a hand gesture: push your hand down firmly for high pressure (can’t rise, clear skies), lift your hand upward for low pressure (rising air, clouds form). The word ‘condensation’ (water vapour turning to liquid) can be linked to ‘dense’ – when gas condenses, it becomes denser liquid droplets. ‘Transpiration’ (water loss from plants) is like ‘plant perspiration’. ‘Evapotranspiration’ simply joins the two processes from soil and leaves into one word.

气压是另一个基本概念。高压通常带来稳定干燥的天气，因为空气下沉增温；低压带来云和雨，因空气上升冷却凝结。用一个手势：对于高压，用手向下用力推（无法上升，晴朗天空）；低压则把手向上抬（上升空气，云层形成）。’condensation’（凝结，水蒸气变液体）这个词可以联想到 ‘dense’（密集）——气体凝结时变成更致密的小液滴。’transpiration’（蒸腾，植物水分流失）就像 ‘plant perspiration’（植物出汗）。’evapotranspiration’（蒸散发）简单地将土壤蒸发和叶片蒸腾两个过程合二为一。

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5. Landform & River Vocabulary | 地貌与河流词汇

River landscapes come alive when you know the naming pattern. In the upper course, the river is steep and fast, so you get v-shaped valleys, interlocking spurs, waterfalls and gorges. A memory trick: Upper = Urgent and narrow. In the middle course, meanders begin. The term ‘meander’ itself comes from a winding river in ancient Turkey, so picture a lazy snake winding left and right. Inside a meander bend, water moves slower and deposits material forming a slip-off slope (or point bar); on the outside, faster water erodes a river cliff. Think ‘outside offensive, inside defensive’ – the outside attacks, the inside builds up deposit.

河流景观在你掌握了命名模式后便栩栩如生。在上游，河道陡峭流速快，形成 V 形谷、交错山嘴、瀑布和峡谷。记忆窍门：Upper（上游） = Urgent（急促）且 narrow（狭窄）。中游开始出现曲流。’meander’（曲流）这个词本身源自古土耳其的一条蜿蜒河流，所以想象一条懒洋洋的蛇左右摇摆。在曲流弯内侧，水流较慢，沉积物堆积形成滑走坡（或凸岸）；外侧水流较快，侵蚀出凹岸。记住 ‘外侧进攻，内侧防守’——外侧侵蚀，内侧堆积。

In the lower course, you meet flood plains, levees, and deltas. ‘Levee’ sounds like ‘levee’ in ‘a feast’ – raised banks that keep the river in, like walls raised at a feast. A ‘delta’ is a fan-shaped area of deposited sediment at a river mouth, named after the Greek letter Δ (delta) – the shape is the clue. ‘Ox-bow lake’ is easier when you imagine a bow-shaped ox yoke. The river cuts through the narrow neck of the meander, eventually leaving a curved lake behind. For erosion types, use a table: hydraulic action = water force alone; abrasion = rock rubbing rock like sandpaper; attrition = rocks bashing each other; solution (corrosion) = chemical dissolving of rocks like limestone.

下游则出现河漫滩、天然堤和三角洲。’levee’（天然堤）听起来像 ‘宴会’ 中的 ‘堤’——抬高的河岸像宴会上竖起的高墙将河水约束在内。’delta’（三角洲）是河口沉积物形成的扇形区，以希腊字母 Δ（delta）命名——形状就是线索。’ox-bow lake’（牛轭湖）当你联想到弓形的牛轭就容易理解了。河流截弯取直，留下一个弯曲的湖泊。关于侵蚀类型，可用表格记忆：hydraulic action（水力作用）= 单纯水力；abrasion（磨蚀）= 岩石像砂纸一样摩擦岩石；attrition（磨圆）= 岩石互相撞击；solution（溶蚀），即 corrosion = 石灰岩等岩石的化学溶解。

Erosion Type 侵蚀类型	Memory Image 记忆图像
Hydraulic Action	Water cannon blasting the bank
Abrasion	Sandpaper scraping the bed
Attrition	Pebbles boxing each other
Solution (Corrosion)	Acid drop fizzing on chalk

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6. Coastal Terms Made Easy | 海岸术语轻松记

Coasts have a similar set of erosion terms, but added are depositional landforms. ‘Longshore drift’ is a key process that moves sand and pebbles along the beach in a zigzag pattern. Remember ‘LSD – Long Sliding Drift’, imagining a beach ball sliding along with each wave. The word ‘swash’ (water rushing up the beach) sounds like ‘wash’ – it washes up. ‘Backwash’ is the return flow dragging material back, stronger under a steep beach. To remember that longshore drift goes in the direction of prevailing wind, picture the wind pushing the ‘swash’ diagonally up and the ‘backwash’ pulling straight back down, creating a sideways movement.

海岸有一组类似的侵蚀术语，但外加堆积地貌。’longshore drift’（沿岸漂移）是一个关键过程，以锯齿状路径把沙子和卵石沿海滩搬运。记住 ‘LSD – Long Sliding Drift’，想象一个沙滩球随着每一波海浪滑行。’swash’（冲流，水冲上海滩）听起来像 ‘wash’（冲洗）——洗刷而上。’backwash’（回流）是拖拽物质返回的水流，在陡峭沙滩上更强。要记住沿岸漂移的方向是盛行风的方向，可以想象风将 ‘swash’ 斜推而上，而 ‘backwash’ 垂直拉回，产生侧向移动。

Erosional features: cliffs, wave-cut platforms, caves, arches, stacks, and stumps. Use a sequence story: A crack in the cliff becomes a cave, the cave erodes through to form an arch, the arch collapses leaving a stack, and the stack eventually falls to a stump. Think ‘Cave → Arch → Stack → Stump’ – CASS. Depositional features: beaches, spits, and bars. A ‘spit’ is a ridge of sand stretching out from the coast. Imagine spitting out a long ribbon of sand. When a spit joins the mainland at both ends, it becomes a ‘bar’, like a bar across a bay. ‘Tombolo’ is a bar connecting the mainland to an island – think ‘tombo-lo’ linking to an island ‘lo’. Mnemonics like this turn long words into friends.

侵蚀地貌：海蚀崖、海蚀平台、海蚀洞、海蚀拱、海蚀柱和海蚀残柱。用顺序故事记忆：悬崖上的裂缝变成洞穴，洞穴侵蚀穿透形成拱门，拱门坍塌留下柱，柱最终倒塌成残柱。记住 ‘Cave → Arch → Stack → Stump’——CASS。堆积地貌：海滩、沙嘴和沙坝。’spit’（沙嘴）是从海岸向外延伸的沙脊。想象从嘴里吐出一条长长的沙带。当沙嘴两端都连接陆地时，就变成了 ‘bar’（沙坝），像横跨海湾的一条杠。’tombolo’（陆连岛）是连接大陆与岛屿的沙坝——联想 ‘tombo-lo’ 连着岛 ‘lo’。像这样的助记法能让长单词变成好友。

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7. Population & Settlement | 人口与定居

Population terms often come in pairs. ‘Birth rate’ and ‘death rate’ are straightforward – the number of live births or deaths per 1,000 people per year. ‘Natural increase’ is the difference: birth rate – death rate. A positive number means the population is growing without migration. ‘Fertility rate’ is the average number of children a woman has. Think of a fertile field producing crops – many children. ‘Life expectancy’ is how long a person can expect to live, closely tied to healthcare and diet. To recall ‘infant mortality rate’, break it down: infant = baby, mortality = death, so it is the number of babies who die before age one per 1,000 live births.

人口术语常成对出现。’birth rate’（出生率）和 ‘death rate’（死亡率）简单明了——每年每千人的出生或死亡人数。’natural increase’（自然增长）即二者之差：出生率减死亡率。正数意味着在没有迁移的情况下人口增长。’fertility rate’（生育率）是平均每个女性生育的孩子数。想象一片肥沃土地产出庄稼——很多孩子。’life expectancy’（预期寿命）即一个人预计能活的年数，与医疗和饮食紧密相关。要记住 ‘infant mortality rate’（婴儿死亡率），拆开：infant = 婴儿，mortality = 死亡，所以是每千名活产婴儿一岁前死亡的数量。

Settlement vocabulary describes where and why people live. A ‘site’ is the actual ground a settlement is built on. ‘Situation’ is the location in relation to surroundings – think ‘situation = in relation to’. Settlement hierarchy: hamlet, village, town, city, megacity. The order relates to size and services. ‘Function’ of a settlement might be market town, port, resort, industrial. ‘Mega’ means million, so ‘megacity’ is a city with over 10 million people. ‘Urbanisation’ is the increasing percentage of people living in towns and cities. Visualise ‘urban’ as city buildings growing, and ‘-isation’ as the process. ‘Counter-urbanisation’ is movement out of cities into the countryside – ‘counter’ meaning against.

定居点词汇描述人们在哪里以及为什么居住。’site’（地点）是定居点实际所在的地面。’situation’（区位）是与周围环境相关的位址——联想 ‘situation = in relation to’（关系）。定居点等级体系：小村、村庄、镇、城市、巨型城市。排列与规模和提供的服务有关。定居点的 ‘function’（功能）可能是集镇、港口、旅游地、工业城等。’mega’ 意味百万，所以 ‘megacity’ 是人口超千万的城市。’urbanisation’（城市化）是居住在城镇的人口比例不断增加的过程。想象 ‘urban’ 是城市建筑在增长，’-isation’ 表示过程。’counter-urbanisation’（逆城市化）指从城市迁入农村——’counter’ 表示对抗。

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8. Economic Activity & Resources | 经济活动与资源

Geography classifies economic activities into sectors. Primary sector takes raw materials from the earth – farming, fishing, mining, forestry. ‘Primary’ = first step, like primary school is first. Secondary sector manufactures goods using raw materials – factories, construction. Think ‘second’ step in a process. Tertiary sector provides services – teaching, nursing, retail, transport. Tertiary sounds like ‘third’. Quaternary sector deals with information and research – IT, scientific research. Often ‘quaternary’ can be remembered as the ‘thinking’ sector; ‘quat’ sounds like ‘quality’, dealing with high-level knowledge. These four can be recalled as ‘Farming (Primary) → Factory (Secondary) → Fulfilling services (Tertiary) → Future technologies (Quaternary)’.

地理学将经济活动划分为不同部门。第一产业从自然界获取原材料——农业、渔业、采矿、林业。’Primary’ 即第一步，像小学就是最初。第二产业使用原材料制造商品——工厂、建筑业。想想过程中的 ‘第二’ 步。第三产业提供服务——教学、护理、零售、运输。Tertiary 听起来像 ‘third’（第三）。第四产业涉及信息与研究——IT、科学研究。可以把 ‘quaternary’ 记作 ‘思考’ 部门；’quat’ 有点像 ‘quality’，处理高层次知识。这四个可记为 ‘Farming（农业）→ Factory（工厂）→ Fulfilling services（实现服务）→ Future technologies（未来技术）’。

Resources can be renewable or non-renewable. ‘Renewable’ means it can be used again and again – solar, wind, water, geothermal. A trick: ‘renew’ can literally be new again. ‘Non-renewable’ resources are finite, like coal, oil, natural gas (fossil fuels). The word ‘fossil’ tells you they come from ancient plants and animals. ‘Sustainable development’ is about using resources to meet our needs without harming the ability of future generations to meet theirs. Break it down: ‘sustain’ means to keep going, ‘able’ – possible. Visualise a seesaw balanced between ‘today’s needs’ and ‘tomorrow’s needs’. ‘Carrying capacity’ is the maximum population an environment can support without damage. Imagine a boat with a weight limit.

资源分为可再生和不可再生。’renewable’（可再生）意味着可以反复使用——太阳能、风能、水能、地热能。窍门：’renew’ 字面即再次变新。’non-renewable’（不可再生）是有限的，如煤、石油、天然气（化石燃料）。’fossil’（化石）一词告诉你它们来自远古动植物。’sustainable development’（可持续发展）指在满足我们需求的同时，不损害后代满足他们需求的能力。拆分：’sustain’ 意为维持，’able’ 指可能。想象一个跷跷板，在 ‘今天的需求’ 与 ‘明天的需求’ 间平衡。’carrying capacity’（承载能力）是一个环境可持续供养的最大人口数量，想象一艘有重量限制的船。

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9. Map Skills in Words | 地图技能相关词汇

Map skills vocabulary can seem technical, but every symbol and line has a simple translation. ‘Contour lines’ join points of equal height. Think ‘contour’ like ‘contour of a body’ – they outline the shape of the land. The closer the contour lines, the steeper the slope. ‘Relief’ is the shape and height of the land, not ‘your relief after an exam’! ‘Relief’ on a map means the ups and downs. A ‘cross-section’ or ‘profile’ is a side view of the land, like slicing through a cake. To remember ‘grid reference’, a four-figure grid reference gives a whole square (like a postcode area), while a six-figure grid reference pinpoints a specific point within that square. The phrase ‘along the corridor and up the stairs’ helps you read eastings first (along), then northings (up).

地图技能词汇可能看起来技术性很强，但每个符号和线条都有简单的解读。’contour lines’（等高线）连接等高点。联想 ‘contour’ 像 ‘身体轮廓’——它们勾勒出地形的形状。等高线越密，坡度越陡。’relief’ 是地形的形态和高度，不是你考试后的 ‘解脱’！地图上的 ‘relief’ 指起伏。’cross-section’（横截面）或 ‘profile’（剖面）是地形的侧视图，像切开一块蛋糕。要记住 ‘grid reference’（网格坐标），四位数坐标给出整个方格（如邮政编码区域），而六位数坐标精确到方格的某一点。短语 ‘沿着走廊再上楼’ 帮你记住先读 eastings（横向，沿着），再读 northings（纵向，上楼）。

Scale tells you how much the real world has been reduced. A 1:50,000 scale means 1 cm on the map equals 50,000 cm (or 500 m) on the ground. Write the word ‘scale’ on your ruler – every map has a ruler baked in. ‘Compass rose’ shows direction; remember ‘Never Eat Shredded Wheat’ for the four cardinal points North, East, South, West clockwise. ‘Latitude’ lines run horizontally (flat lines, like rungs on a ladder), while ‘longitude’ lines run vertically from pole to pole. Think ‘lati-tude’ as ‘ladder-tude’ being flat. The Equator is 0° latitude; the Prime Meridian is 0° longitude. ‘Hemisphere’ means half of the globe – Northern, Southern, Eastern, Western.

比例尺告诉你真实世界被缩小了多少。1:50,000 的比例尺意味着地图上 1 厘米等于地面上 50,000 厘米（即 500 米）。把 ‘scale’ 这个词写在尺子上——每张地图都内置了一把尺子。’compass rose’（罗盘玫瑰）指示方向；记住 ‘Never Eat Shredded Wheat’ 来顺时针记忆四个基本方位：北、东、南、西。’latitude’（纬线）水平延伸（像梯子横档），’longitude’（经线）从极点垂直延伸。把 ‘lati-tude’ 想成 ‘ladder-tude’ 是平的。赤道是 0° 纬线；本初子午线是 0° 经线。’hemisphere’（半球）即地球的一半——北半球、南半球、东半球、西半球。

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10. Roots, Prefixes & Suffixes | 词根、前缀与后缀

Many geography words are built from Latin or Greek roots. Once you spot the patterns, you can guess the meaning of new terms. ‘Hydro’ means water – hydrology, hydropower, hydraulic action. ‘Litho’ means stone – lithosphere (the rocky outer part of the Earth). ‘Atmos’ means vapour or air – atmosphere. ‘Bio’ means life – biosphere, biomass, biodiversity. ‘Geo’ means Earth – geography, geology, geothermal (geo + thermal = Earth heat). ‘Urban’ relates to city – urbanisation, urban sprawl. ‘Rural’ relates to countryside. ‘Morph’ means shape – geomorphology is the study of Earth’s shapes. Learning these roots converts intimidating words into familiar building blocks.

很多地理单词是由拉丁语或希腊语词根构成的。一旦看出规律，你就能猜测新术语的意思。’hydro’ 表示水——水文学、水力发电、水力作用。’litho’ 表示石头——岩石圈（地球坚硬的岩石外壳）。’atmos’ 表示蒸汽或空气——大气圈。’bio’ 表示生命——生物圈、生物量、生物多样性。’geo’ 表示地球——地理、地质、地热（geo + thermal = 地球热）。’urban’ 关联城市——城市化、城市蔓延。’rural’ 关联乡村。’morph’ 表示形状——地貌学就是研究地球形状的科学。学会这些词根，令人生畏的单词就变成了熟悉的积木块。

Suffixes and prefixes give clues about process or state. ‘-tion’ or ‘-sion’ signals a noun form of a process: erosion, deposition, precipitation, urbanisation. ‘-ation’ often means the action: deforestation, desertification. ‘-ic’ makes an adjective: seismic (related to earthquakes), climatic. ‘Sub-‘ means under: subduction (one plate moving under another), subsurface. ‘Inter-‘ means between: intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ). ‘De-‘ means removal: deforestation (removing forests), desalination (removing salt). ‘Re-‘ means again: renewable, reforestation. Make flashcards with the prefix/suffix on one side and meaning on the other, then build sample geography words together.

后缀和前缀提供了过程或状态的线索。’-tion’ 或 ‘-sion’ 表示过程的名词形式：erosion（侵蚀）、deposition（堆积）、precipitation（降水）、urbanisation（城市化）。’-ation’ 常表示动作：deforestation（毁林）、desertification（荒漠化）。’-ic’ 使单词变成形容词：seismic（地震的）、climatic（气候的）。’sub-‘ 表示下方：subduction（俯冲，一个板块滑到另一个之下）、subsurface（地下）。’inter-‘ 表示之间：intertropical convergence zone（热带辐合带）。’de-‘ 表示去除：deforestation（砍伐森林）、desalination（脱盐）。’re-‘ 表示再次：renewable（可再生）、reforestation（重新造林）。制作闪卡，一面写前缀/后缀，另一面写含义，然后一起组合出地理单词。

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11. Active Recall & Flashcard Strategies | 主动回忆与闪卡策略

Simply reading your vocabulary list is one of the least effective ways to learn. Your brain needs to work to retrieve the word, a technique called active recall. Use flashcards: write the term on one side and a picture + simple definition on the other. Test yourself: look at the term and say the meaning aloud before flipping. If you get it right quickly, move that card to a ‘known’ pile. If you hesitate or get it wrong, it stays in the ‘practice’ pile. This is called spaced retrieval. The words that are hardest for you get the most practice, which makes your study time extremely efficient.

单纯阅读词汇表是效率最低的学习方式之一。你的大脑需要努力提取单词，这叫做主动回忆。使用闪卡：一面写上术语，另一面画图并写简单定义。自我测试：看到术语先大声说出含义再翻牌。如果迅速答对，将卡片移到 ‘已知’ 堆；如果犹豫或答错，它留在 ‘练习’ 堆。这被称为间隔提取。对你来说最难的词得到最多的练习，使你的学习时间极为高效。

You can also turn terms into quick quiz questions. Instead of ‘abrasion is…’, ask yourself ‘What is the scraping of rock by particles called?’ This mimics exam questions. Pair up with a friend and take turns quizzing each other. The social element reduces boredom and you can learn from each other’s memory tricks. Digital apps like Quizlet allow you to create decks, add audio, and play match games. However, writing your own physical cards often leads to deeper processing because you must think about how to explain the term in your own words and what sketch to draw. So mix physical and digital for variety.

你也可以把术语变成快速测验题。不要只背 ‘磨蚀是……’，而是问自己 ‘颗粒物刮擦岩石叫什么？’ 这模拟了考试题目。找个朋友互相测验，轮流提问。社交元素减少无聊感，你还能互相学习记忆窍门。像 Quizlet 这样的数字应用允许你创建卡组、添加音频和玩配对游戏。然而，亲手写物理卡片往往带来更深入的加工，因为你必须思考如何用自己的话解释术语以及画什么简图。所以结合实体与数字方式以保持多样性。

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12. Putting It All Together: Your Personal Glossary | 综合实践：你的个人词汇表

The ultimate study resource is a personal glossary created by you. Use a small notebook or a digital document. Every time you encounter a new term in class or in your revision, add it with a definition in your own words, a quick sketch, and perhaps a sample sentence. Organise it by topic chapters exactly as they appear in your syllabus: Plate Tectonics, Rivers, Coasts, Weather, Population, Settlements, Economic Activity, Resources, Map Skills. This structure mirrors your exam and your course book, making it easy to find words later.

终极学习资料是你亲手创建的个人词汇表。用一个小笔记本或电子文档。每次在课堂上或复习中遇到新术语，就用你自己的话写下定义，配上一幅简笔画，或许再加一个例句。按照你的教学

Published by TutorHao | KS3 Geography Revision Series | aleveler.com

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