KS3 OCR Law: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | KS3 OCR 法律：词汇术语速记指南

📚 KS3 OCR Law: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | KS3 OCR 法律：词汇术语速记指南

Welcome to your essential guide for mastering legal vocabulary at KS3 level for the OCR Law specification. A strong command of legal terminology is the foundation of understanding how the law works. This article introduces key terms in criminal law, civil law, court structures, legal professionals and fundamental principles. Each term is explained clearly in both English and Chinese, making it easier to remember and apply in your studies. Use these definitions as a quick revision tool to build confidence before assessments.

欢迎阅读 KS3 OCR 法律核心词汇速记指南。掌握法律术语是理解法律运作方式的基础。本文按犯罪法、民法、法院体系、法律职业和基本原则等板块，为你梳理关键术语。每个词汇均配有清晰的英中双语解释，帮助你在学习和复习中轻松记忆、快速运用。考试前用它来巩固知识，自信应对考核。

1. Introduction to Legal Vocabulary | 法律词汇入门

Law: a system of rules created and enforced by the state to regulate behaviour and maintain order.

法律：由国家制定并强制执行的一套规则，用于规范行为、维持社会秩序。

Justice: the fair treatment of people according to the law, ensuring that rights are respected.

正义：根据法律公平对待每个人，确保权利得到尊重。

Statute: a written law passed by Parliament, also called an Act of Parliament.

成文法：由议会通过的书面法律，又称议会法案。

Common law: law developed by judges through decisions in court cases, rather than by statutes.

普通法：由法官在案件判决中逐步发展出的法律，区别于成文法。

Jurisdiction: the official power to make legal decisions and judgments, often within a specific area.

管辖权：作出法律决定和判决的正式权力，通常限于特定区域或事务。

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2. Criminal Law Terms | 刑法术语

Crime: an act or omission that breaks the law and is punishable by the state.

犯罪：违反法律、由国家加以惩罚的作为或不作为。

Criminal law: the branch of law that deals with offences against society, prosecuted by the state.

刑法：处理危害社会行为的法律分支，由国家提起公诉。

Prosecution: the party bringing a criminal case to court on behalf of the state, usually the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS).

控方：代表国家向法院提起刑事诉讼的一方，通常是皇家检察署 (CPS)。

Defendant: the person accused of committing a crime in a criminal case.

被告：在刑事案件中被指控犯罪的人。

Actus reus: the guilty act, meaning the physical element of a crime.

犯罪行为：犯罪的实际行为要素，即有罪的行为。

Mens rea: the guilty mind, referring to the mental intention to commit a crime.

犯罪意图：犯罪的心理要素，即实施犯罪的主观故意。

Strict liability: a crime where no mens rea is needed; the act itself is enough to convict.

严格责任犯罪：无需证明犯罪意图，只要有犯罪行为即可定罪的犯罪类型。

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3. Civil Law Terms | 民法术语

Civil law: the branch of law dealing with disputes between individuals or organisations, not involving the state as a prosecutor.

民法：处理个人或组织之间纠纷的法律分支，国家不作公诉方参与。

Claimant: the person or party who brings a civil case to court seeking a remedy.

原告：向法院提起民事诉讼、寻求救济的人或一方。

Defendant: in civil law, the person or organisation against whom the claim is made.

被告：在民法中，被起诉要求承担责任的人或组织。

Liability: legal responsibility for one’s actions or failure to act, especially in civil cases.

法律责任：对自己的行为或不作为承担的法律义务，尤其在民事案件中。

Damages: money awarded by a court to compensate the claimant for loss or injury.

损害赔偿金：法院判给原告用于弥补损失或伤害的金钱。

Injunction: a court order stopping a person from doing something or compelling them to do something.

禁制令：法院发出的要求某人停止或必须进行某项行为的命令。

Tort: a civil wrong that causes harm to someone, leading to legal liability, such as negligence.

侵权行为：对他人造成损害的民事不法行为，会导致法律责任，如疏忽。

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4. Court System and Personnel | 法院体系和人员

Magistrates’ Court: the lowest court in the criminal system, dealing with less serious cases and preliminary hearings.

治安法院：刑事系统中的基层法院，处理较轻微案件和预审程序。

Crown Court: the higher criminal court where serious offences are tried by a judge and jury.

皇家法院：审理严重刑事案件的较高级法院，由法官和陪审团组成。

County Court: a civil court that deals with claims for smaller amounts of money and simpler disputes.

郡法院：处理金额较小、争议较简单的民事案件的法院。

High Court: a senior civil court dealing with complex or high-value cases and appeals.

高等法院：处理复杂或高额民事案件及上诉的高级法院。

Judge: an official who presides over court proceedings, ensures fairness and gives rulings or sentences.

法官：主持法庭程序、确保公正并作出裁决或判刑的官员。

Jury: a group of 12 citizens in Crown Court who decide whether the defendant is guilty based on the evidence.

陪审团：皇家法院中由12名公民组成的团体，根据证据裁定被告是否有罪。

Magistrate: a volunteer who hears cases in the Magistrates’ Court, sometimes with legal advice from a clerk.

治安法官：在治安法院审理案件的志愿者，有时由书记官提供法律建议。

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5. Legal Roles and Professionals | 法律角色与职业

Solicitor: a qualified legal professional who advises clients, prepares legal documents and may represent them in lower courts.

事务律师：为客户提供咨询、准备法律文件并可在基层法院代理客户的合格法律从业者。

Barrister: a specialist lawyer who represents clients in higher courts, often instructed by a solicitor.

出庭律师：在较高法院代理客户的专业律师，通常由事务律师委托。

CPS (Crown Prosecution Service): the organisation responsible for prosecuting criminal cases in England and Wales.

皇家检察署：负责在英格兰和威尔士提起刑事诉讼的机构。

Legal executive: a qualified legal professional who specialises in a particular area of law, with responsibilities similar to a solicitor.

法律行政人员：专注于某一法律领域的合格专业人士，其职责类似于事务律师。

Lawyer: a general term for someone who is qualified and practises law, including solicitors and barristers.

律师：对取得法律资格并执业者的统称，包括事务律师和出庭律师。

Paralegal: a person who assists solicitors with legal work but is not fully qualified as a lawyer.

法律助理：协助事务律师完成法律工作但不具备完整律师资格的人员。

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6. Sources of Law | 法律渊源

Statute law: law made by Parliament, also called legislation.

制定法：议会制定的法律，也称立法。

Common law: law made by judges through decisions in previous cases, known as precedents.

普通法：法官通过先前案件的判决造法，这些判决称为先例。

Precedent: a legal decision in an earlier case that must be followed in similar later cases.

先例：在早期案件中作出的法律判决，之后类似案件必须遵循。

Judicial precedent: the doctrine that courts are bound by decisions made in higher courts in previous cases.

司法先例：法院受上级法院先前判决约束的原则。

Delegated legislation: law made by someone or a body other than Parliament, but with Parliament’s authority, e.g. regulations.

授权立法：由非议会的个人或机构根据议会授权制定的法律，如规章。

European Union law: laws made by the EU institutions that once had direct effect in the UK, though now largely replaced.

欧盟法：由欧盟机构制定并曾在英国直接适用的法律，现已大部分被取代。

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7. Key Legal Principles | 重要法律原则

Rule of law: the principle that everyone, including the government, is subject to the law and no one is above it.

法治：任何人包括政府都受法律约束，没人可凌驾于法律之上的原则。

Presumption of innocence: the right of a defendant to be considered innocent until proven guilty beyond reasonable doubt.

无罪推定：被告在被证明有罪之前应被视为无辜的权利，证明标准需达到排除合理怀疑。

Burden of proof: the obligation to prove the facts of a case; in criminal law this normally lies with the prosecution.

举证责任：证明案件事实的义务；在刑法中通常由控方承担。

Standard of proof: the level of certainty required to prove a case; in criminal law it is ‘beyond reasonable doubt’, in civil law ‘on the balance of probabilities’.

证明标准：证明案件所需达到的确定性程度；刑法中为“排除合理怀疑”，民法中则为“盖然性权衡”。

Double jeopardy: the rule that a person cannot be tried twice for the same crime, although there are exceptions.

一罪不二审：同一犯罪行为不得被两次审判的规则，但也存在例外。

Natural justice: the requirement for fair process in decision-making, e.g. the right to a fair hearing and an unbiased judge.

自然公正：对决策程序公正性的要求，如获得公正听审和不偏不倚法官的权利。

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8. Legal Procedures and Trials | 法律程序与审判

Trial: the formal examination of evidence in court to decide whether a defendant is guilty or liable.

审判：法庭上对证据进行的正式审查，以判定被告是否有罪或需承担责任。

Indictment: a formal document listing the charges against a defendant in a serious criminal case.

起诉书：列举对严重刑事案件被告指控的正式文书。

Plea: the defendant’s response to a criminal charge, e.g. guilty, not guilty, or no plea.

答辩：被告对刑事指控的回应，如有罪、无罪或不答辩。

Verdict: the decision of a jury or judge on whether the defendant is guilty or not.

裁决：陪审团或法官对被告是否有罪作出的决定。

Sentence: the punishment given by a court to a person convicted of a crime.

刑罚：法院对被定罪者给予的惩罚。

Appeal: a request to a higher court to review the decision of a lower court.

上诉：请求上级法院审查下级法院判决的行为。

Bail: the temporary release of a defendant awaiting trial, sometimes with conditions and a financial guarantee.

保释：候审被告的临时释放，有时附带条件并需缴纳保证金。

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9. Punishments and Remedies | 刑罚与救济

Prison sentence: a period of time a convicted person must spend in custody as punishment.

监禁刑：被定罪者须在监禁机构内服刑一段时间的惩罚。

Community sentence: a punishment served in the community, such as unpaid work or a curfew, instead of prison.

社区刑罚：在社区内服刑的惩罚，如无偿劳动或宵禁，用以替代监禁。

Fine: a sum of money that a convicted person or losing party must pay as punishment or compensation.

罚款：被定罪者或败诉方必须支付的一笔钱，作为惩罚或赔偿。

Compensation: payment ordered by a court to cover the loss or injury suffered by a victim or claimant.

赔偿金：法庭命令支付以弥补被害人或原告所遭受损失或伤害的款项。

Discharge: a court decision that does not punish the offender, either absolutely or conditionally.

释放：法院不给予惩罚的判决，可包含无条件或有条件的释放。

Injunction: a civil remedy ordering a person to do or stop doing something.

禁制令：民事救济手段，命令某人必须或不得作出某项行为。

Specific performance: a court order requiring a party to perform their contract as agreed.

强制履行：法院要求合同一方按约定履行其义务的命令。

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10. Human Rights and Legal Rights | 人权与法定权利

Human rights: basic rights and freedoms to which all people are entitled, often protected by law.

人权：所有人都应享有的基本权利和自由，通常受法律保护。

Right to a fair trial: the right to be heard fairly and publicly by an independent court within a reasonable time.

公正审判权：在合理时间内由独立法庭公平、公开审理的权利。

Freedom of expression: the right to hold opinions and share information without state interference, within lawful limits.

表达自由：在法律范围内持有和传播见解而不受国家干涉的权利。

Data protection: laws that control how personal information is collected, stored and used by organisations.

数据保护：规范组织收集、存储和使用个人信息方式的法律。

Equality before the law: the principle that all people have the same legal rights and are treated equally by courts.

法律面前人人平等：所有人享有相同法律权利并在法庭受到平等对待的原则。

Right to remain silent: a defendant’s right not to answer questions or give evidence during a trial.

沉默权：被告在审判期间不回答问题或不提供证据的权利。

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11. Legal Documents and Instruments | 法律文书与文书类型

Contract: a legally binding agreement between two or more parties, enforceable by law.

合同：双方或多方之间具有法律约束力、可由法律强制执行的协议。

Will: a legal document stating how a person’s property should be distributed after their death.

遗嘱：规定个人死后财产如何分配的法律文件。

Deed: a formal legal document, often used for transferring ownership of land.

契据：正式法律文书，常用于转移土地所有权。

Warrant: a court document authorising the police to take a specific action, e.g. an arrest or search.

令状：法院签发的授权警方采取特定行动（如逮捕或搜查）的文件。

Summons: a document ordering a person to appear in court on a specific date.

传票：命令某人在指定日期出庭的文件。

Power of attorney: a legal document giving someone authority to act on another person’s behalf.

授权委托书：授予某人代表他人行事的法律文件。

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12. Miscellaneous Terms for Quick Revision | 速记补充词汇

Litigation: the process of taking a case to court to resolve a dispute.

诉讼：将纠纷诉诸法院解决的过程。

Arbitration: a method of settling disputes outside court, where an independent third party makes a binding decision.

仲裁：在法庭外由独立第三方作出有约束力裁决的争议解决方式。

Ombudsman: an independent official who investigates complaints about organisations, especially public bodies.

申诉专员：调查针对组织（特别是公共机构）投诉的独立官员。

Legal aid: government funding to help people pay for legal advice and representation when they cannot afford it.

法律援助：政府为无力负担者提供法律咨询和代理费用的资助。

Plea bargaining: an agreement where the defendant pleads guilty to a lesser charge in exchange for a lighter sentence.

辩诉交易：被告承认较轻罪名以换取较轻刑罚的协议。

Criminal record: a record of a person’s past criminal convictions.

犯罪记录：某人过去刑事定罪情况的记录。

Judicial review: a court procedure to check the lawfulness of decisions made by public bodies.

司法审查：审查公共机构决定是否合法的法庭程序。

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