KS3 WJEC Psychology: Key Terms and Concepts Memory Aid | KS3 WJEC 心理学：词汇术语速记指南

📚 KS3 WJEC Psychology: Key Terms and Concepts Memory Aid | KS3 WJEC 心理学：词汇术语速记指南

Welcome to your go-to memory aid for KS3 WJEC Psychology. Mastering the language of psychology is the first step to understanding human behaviour and the mind. This guide breaks down essential terms into bite-sized, easy-to-remember explanations, with each English definition followed immediately by its Chinese equivalent. Use it to quiz yourself, build flashcards, and build confidence before assessments.

欢迎使用这份 KS3 WJEC 心理学速记指南。掌握心理学的语言是理解人类行为和心理的第一步。本指南将关键术语分解为小块、易于记忆的解释，每个英文定义紧接着中文对应解释。用它来自我测试、制作抽认卡，并在评估前建立信心。

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1. What is Psychology? | 心理学是什么？

Psychology is the scientific study of the human mind and behaviour. It explores how we think, feel, and act, drawing on evidence gathered through research rather than relying on common sense or guesswork.

心理学是对人类思维和行为的科学研究。它探讨我们如何思考、感受和行动，依赖通过研究收集的证据，而非常识或猜测。

A psychologist is a trained professional who uses psychological theories and methods to understand and help people. They may work in research, therapy, education, or business.

心理学家是受过训练的专业人士，运用心理学理论和方法来理解并帮助人们。他们可能从事研究、治疗、教育或商业领域的工作。

The term ‘psyche’ comes from a Greek word meaning ‘soul’ or ‘mind’, and ‘logos’ means ‘study of’. So psychology literally means the study of the mind.

“Psyche”一词源自希腊语，意为“灵魂”或“心灵”，而“logos”意为“……的研究”。因此心理学的字面意思是心灵的研究。

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2. Research Methods | 研究方法

A hypothesis is a testable prediction about the relationship between two or more variables. For example, ‘Students who sleep 8 hours will score higher on memory tests than those who sleep 5 hours.’

假设是对两个或多个变量之间关系的一种可检验的预测。例如，“睡眠8小时的学生在记忆测试中得分会高于睡眠5小时的学生”。

The independent variable (IV) is the factor the researcher manipulates or changes. The dependent variable (DV) is the factor that is measured to see if it has changed as a result of the IV.

自变量（IV）是研究者操纵或改变的因素。因变量（DV）是被测量的因素，以观察它是否因为自变量而改变。

A variable is anything that can vary or change in an investigation, such as age, memory score, or mood. Keeping some variables controlled prevents them from affecting the results unfairly.

变量是指在调查中可以变化或改变的任何事物，例如年龄、记忆分数或情绪。控制某些变量可以防止它们不公平地影响结果。

An experiment is a research method where an IV is deliberately changed to observe the effect on a DV, while other variables are kept constant. This allows researchers to infer cause and effect.

实验是一种研究方法，其中故意改变自变量以观察对因变量的影响，同时保持其他变量不变。这使得研究者能够推断因果关系。

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3. Cognitive Psychology Terms | 认知心理学词汇

Cognition refers to all the mental processes involved in acquiring, storing, and using knowledge. These include perception, attention, language, problem-solving, and decision-making.

认知指获取、储存和运用知识所涉及的所有心理过程。包括感知、注意、语言、问题解决和决策。

Memory is the ability to encode, store, and retrieve information. It is often divided into sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

记忆是编码、储存和提取信息的能力。它通常分为感觉记忆、短时记忆和长时记忆。

Perception is the process by which we interpret sensory information from the environment. It is not simply a passive receipt of data; our brain actively organises and makes sense of it.

感知是我们解释来自环境的感官信息的过程。它不单是被动接收数据；我们的大脑会主动组织并理解它。

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4. Biological Psychology Terms | 生物心理学词汇

The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord. It is the body’s main control centre, processing information and sending instructions to the body.

中枢神经系统（CNS）由脑和脊髓组成。它是身体的主要控制中心，处理信息并向身体发送指令。

A neuron is a nerve cell that transmits electrical and chemical signals throughout the body. Billions of neurons work together to create thoughts, movements, and sensations.

神经元是一种神经细胞，在身体各处传递电信号和化学信号。数十亿个神经元协同工作，产生思想、动作和感觉。

The synapse is the tiny gap between two neurons where signals are passed chemically. Neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and serotonin, cross this gap to carry the message forward.

突触是两个神经元之间的微小间隙，信号在此通过化学方式传递。神经递质（如多巴胺和血清素）穿过这个间隙，将信息传递下去。

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5. Developmental Psychology Terms | 发展心理学词汇

Developmental psychology studies how people grow and change from infancy to old age. It focuses on physical, cognitive, and social-emotional development.

发展心理学研究人们从婴儿期到老年如何成长和变化。它关注身体、认知和社会情绪的发展。

Attachment is a deep and enduring emotional bond that connects one person to another, especially between an infant and caregiver. Secure attachment is linked to healthy emotional development.

依恋是一种深厚而持久的情感纽带，将一个人与另一个人连接起来，尤其是婴儿与照顾者之间。安全型依恋与健康情绪发展相关。

Piaget’s theory of cognitive development suggests children pass through distinct stages as they learn to think logically. The concrete operational stage, for example, occurs around ages 7–11, where children can reason about concrete objects.

皮亚杰的认知发展理论认为，儿童在学习逻辑思维的过程中会经历不同的阶段。例如，具体运算阶段大约发生在7至11岁，此时儿童能够对具体事物进行推理。

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6. Social Psychology Terms | 社会心理学词汇

Social psychology examines how people’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviours are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others.

社会心理学考察人们的思想、情感和行为如何受到他人实际、想象或隐含存在的影响。

Conformity is a change in behaviour or belief as a result of real or imagined group pressure. People often conform to fit in or because they think the group is better informed.

从众是由于真实或想象的群体压力而导致的行为或信念的改变。人们常常为了融入而顺从，或者因为他们认为群体更了解情况。

Stereotype is a fixed, oversimplified belief about a particular group of people. Stereotypes can lead to prejudice (negative attitudes) and discrimination (unfair behaviour).

刻板印象是对特定群体的固定、过于简化的看法。刻板印象可能导致偏见（负面态度）和歧视（不公平行为）。

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7. Individual Differences Terms | 个体差异词汇

Personality refers to the unique and relatively stable patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving that distinguish one person from another. The ‘Big Five’ (Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism) is one model used to describe personality.

人格是指将一个人与另一个人区分开来的独特且相对稳定的思维、情感和行为模式。“大五”模型（开放性、尽责性、外向性、宜人性、神经质）是用于描述人格的一种模型。

Intelligence is the general mental ability to learn, reason, solve problems, and adapt to new situations. It is often measured using IQ tests, though it involves many different skills.

智力是学习、推理、解决问题和适应新情况的通用心理能力。它常通过智商测试来衡量，尽管涉及许多不同的技能。

Mental health relates to our emotional, psychological, and social well-being. Good mental health helps us cope with stress, work productively, and form relationships. Stress and anxiety are common topics in this area.

心理健康关系到我们的情绪、心理和社交福祉。良好的心理健康有助于我们应对压力、高效工作并建立关系。压力和焦虑是该领域的常见话题。

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8. Memory Process Terms | 记忆过程词汇

Encoding is the first step in creating a new memory; it is the process of converting sensory input into a form that can be stored. Rehearsal (repeating information) is one method of encoding information into short-term memory.

编码是创建新记忆的第一步；它将感觉输入转换为可储存的形式。复述（重复信息）是将信息编码进短时记忆的一种方法。

Storage means retaining encoded information over time. Long-term memory can hold a vast amount of information for a lifetime, while short-term memory holds about 7±2 chunks of information briefly.

储存指随时间保留已编码的信息。长时记忆可以终生储存大量信息，而短时记忆只能短暂地保存大约7±2个信息块。

Retrieval is the process of getting information out of storage when it is needed. Recognition (e.g., picking a correct answer from multiple choices) is usually easier than free recall (e.g., answering an essay question).

提取是在需要时将信息从储存中取出的过程。再认（例如从多项选择中选出正确答案）通常比自由回忆（例如回答问答题）更容易。

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9. Learning and Conditioning Terms | 学习与条件反射词汇

Classical conditioning is a learning process discovered by Ivan Pavlov. It occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus that naturally produces a response, eventually triggering a similar response on its own. The dog’s salivation at the sound of a bell (originally paired with food) is a classic example.

经典条件反射是由伊万·巴甫洛夫发现的一种学习过程。当中性刺激与自然产生反应的刺激发生关联时，中性刺激最终能单独引发相似的反应。狗听到铃声（原本与食物配对）后分泌唾液就是一个经典例子。

Operant conditioning, developed by B.F. Skinner, is learning through consequences. Positive reinforcement (giving a reward) increases behaviour; negative reinforcement (removing something unpleasant) also increases behaviour; punishment decreases behaviour.

操作性条件反射由 B.F. 斯金纳提出，是通过后果来学习。正强化（给予奖励）增加行为；负强化（移除厌恶的东西）也增加行为；惩罚减少行为。

Observational learning happens when someone watches and imitates another person’s behaviour. Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment showed that children learn aggressive actions by observing adults.

观察学习发生在观察并模仿他人行为时。班杜拉的充气娃娃实验表明，儿童通过观察成人来学习攻击性行为。

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10. Ethical Concepts | 伦理概念

Ethics are the moral principles that guide psychological research. They ensure that participants are treated with respect and protected from harm.

伦理是指导心理学研究的道德原则。它们确保参与者受到尊重并免受伤害。

Informed consent means participants must be given clear information about a study’s purpose and any risks before they agree to take part. They have the right to withdraw at any time without penalty.

知情同意意味着在同意参与之前，必须给予参与者关于研究目的和任何风险的清晰信息。他们有权随时退出且不受惩罚。

Confidentiality means that a participant’s personal data and information must be kept private and not shared without their permission. Anonymity means their identity is not recorded or known at all.

保密意味着参与者的个人数据和信息必须保密，未经许可不得共享。匿名意味着完全不记录或不知道他们的身份。

Debriefing is the process of fully explaining the true nature of the study to participants after it has ended, especially if any deception was used. It restores participants to their prior state.

事后解说是在研究结束后向参与者完全解释研究的真实性质，尤其是如果使用了任何欺骗手段。它使参与者恢复到之前的状态。

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11. Data and Statistics Terms | 数据与统计词汇

Data can be qualitative (rich descriptions expressed in words) or quantitative (numerical information). Psychologists often collect both types to gain a full picture.

数据可以是定性的（用文字表达的丰富描述）或定量的（数字信息）。心理学家通常收集两种类型以获得完整图景。

The mean is the arithmetic average of a set of numbers. The median is the middle value when data is ordered. The mode is the most frequently occurring value. These are measures of central tendency.

平均数是一组数字的算术平均值。中位数是数据排序后的中间值。众数是出现频率最高的值。这些都是集中趋势的度量。

Range is a simple measure of spread; it is found by subtracting the smallest value from the largest value. A small range means data points are close together; a large range suggests greater variability.

全距是一种简单的离散度量；通过最大值减去最小值得到。全距小意味着数据点集中；全距大表明变异性更大。

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12. Notable Psychologists to Remember | 需要记住的著名心理学家

Sigmund Freud developed psychoanalysis and emphasised the role of the unconscious mind. He introduced concepts like the id, ego, and superego, and used techniques such as dream analysis.

西格蒙德·弗洛伊德发展了精神分析理论，强调潜意识的作用。他提出了本我、自我和超我等概念，并使用释梦等技术。

Jean Piaget was a Swiss psychologist known for his stage theory of cognitive development in children. He believed children construct their own understanding through schemas, assimilation, and accommodation.

让·皮亚杰是瑞士心理学家，以儿童认知发展的阶段理论而闻名。他认为儿童通过图式、同化和顺应来建构自己的理解。

Elizabeth Loftus conducted influential research on the misinformation effect, showing how memory can be distorted by leading questions and post-event information. Her work has had major implications for eyewitness testimony.

伊丽莎白·洛夫特斯进行了关于误导信息效应的重要研究，展示了记忆如何被诱导性提问和事后信息所扭曲。她的工作对目击者证词有重大影响。

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