KS3 WJEC Sociology: Quick Vocabulary Memory Guide | KS3 WJEC 社会学：词汇术语速记指南

📚 KS3 WJEC Sociology: Quick Vocabulary Memory Guide | KS3 WJEC 社会学：词汇术语速记指南

Learning sociology at KS3 involves grasping a range of new terms that describe how society works. This guide breaks down key vocabulary into manageable sections, pairing each term with simple definitions and memory tricks. By using these techniques, you can quickly recall terms during lessons and assessments.

在 KS3 阶段学习社会学，需要掌握一系列描述社会运作的新术语。本指南将关键词汇分成易消化的小节，为每个术语配上了简单定义和记忆技巧。运用这些方法，你就能在课堂和测评中迅速回想起来。

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1. What is Sociology? | 什么是社会学？

Sociology is the study of society, social interactions, and group behaviour. The word comes from Latin ‘socius’ (companion) and Greek ‘logos’ (study). A sociologist looks at how people live together, form groups, and develop shared rules.

社会学是研究社会、社会互动和群体行为的学科。这个词源自拉丁语 ‘socius’（同伴）和希腊语 ‘logos’（学问）。社会学家观察人们如何共同生活、形成群体并发展共同的规则。

Memory trick: Think ‘SOCIETY + OLOGY = study of society’. Remember that sociology is not about individual psychology but about patterns between people.

记忆窍门：回想 ‘SOCIETY + OLOGY = 研究社会的学问’。记住社会学不研究个体心理，而是研究人们之间的模式。

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2. Core Concepts: Culture, Norms and Values | 核心概念：文化、规范与价值观

Culture refers to the whole way of life of a group of people, including their language, beliefs, customs, food and material objects. Norms are specific rules that guide behaviour in particular situations – like saying ‘thank you’ or queuing. Values are broader principles a society holds as important, such as honesty, freedom or respect for elders.

文化指的是一个群体全部的生活方式，包括语言、信仰、习俗、食物和物质产品。规范是指导特定情境下行为的具体规则——比如道谢或排队。价值观是社会认为重要的更广泛原则，如诚实、自由或尊老。

Visual memory: Imagine an iceberg. Above the water you see clothing, food and language (visible culture). Below the water lie deep values, beliefs and attitudes (invisible culture). This picture helps you link culture, norms and values in one image.

视觉记忆：想象一座冰山。水面上你能看到服饰、食物和语言（可见文化）。水面下则隐藏着深层价值观、信仰和态度（不可见文化）。这个画面有助于你将文化、规范和价值观串成一个整体。

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3. Socialisation: Primary and Secondary | 社会化：初级与次级

Socialisation is the lifelong process of learning the norms, values and behaviours appropriate in your society. Primary socialisation happens in early childhood, mainly within the family, where basic skills like language and routines are taught. Secondary socialisation occurs later through agencies such as school, peer groups, media and work, building on earlier learning.

社会化是学习社会中适当规范、价值观和行为的终身过程。初级社会化发生在幼儿期，主要在家庭中进行，教授语言和日常习惯等基本技能。次级社会化随后通过学校、同伴群体、媒体和工作等机构发生，在早期学习的基础上进一步构建。

Memory aid: P for Primary = Parents and Preschool years. S for Secondary = School and Society beyond the home. Link the letters to the agents.

记忆辅助：P 代表 Primary（初级），联想 Parents（父母）和学前阶段。S 代表 Secondary（次级），联想 School（学校）和家庭之外的社会。让字母与主体挂钩。

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4. Social Structures and Institutions | 社会结构与制度

Social structures are the organised patterns of relationships and institutions that together make up society. Key institutions include the family, education system, government, religion and the economy. These structures shape our behaviour, roles and life chances.

社会结构是组成社会的有组织的关系和制度模式。关键制度包括家庭、教育体系、政府、宗教和经济。这些结构塑造了我们的行为、角色和人生机遇。

Remember with the acronym F.E.G.R.E: Family, Education, Government, Religion, Economy. These five pillars help you recall the main institutions sociologists study.

用首字母缩略词 F.E.G.R.E 记忆：家庭、教育、政府、宗教、经济。这五大支柱助你回想起社会学家研究的主要制度。

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5. Social Stratification and Inequality | 社会分层与不平等

Social stratification describes the way society is divided into layers (strata) based on factors such as social class, gender, ethnicity and age. Inequality refers to the unequal distribution of resources like wealth, power and status. Simply put, stratification is the system of ranking; inequality is the outcome of that system.

社会分层描述了社会根据社会阶级、性别、种族和年龄等因素划分为不同层级（阶层）的方式。不平等则指财富、权力和地位等资源的不均等分配。简单来说，分层是排名系统，不平等是该系统产生的结果。

Memory trick: Picture a layered cake – each layer is a stratum. The higher the layer, the more icing (resources) it gets. Inequality is the fact that not all layers get the same amount of icing.

记忆窍门：想象一个分层蛋糕——每一层就是一个阶层。层越高，得到的糖霜（资源）越多。而不平等就是指并非所有层都分得同样多的糖霜。

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6. Key Sociological Perspectives: Functionalism and Marxism | 关键社会学视角：功能主义与马克思主义

Two foundational perspectives help sociologists explain society. Functionalism views society as a system of interconnected parts (institutions) that work together like organs in a body, promoting stability and consensus. Marxism, inspired by Karl Marx, sees society as based on conflict between social classes – the ruling class (bourgeoisie) and the working class (proletariat) – with the ruling class exploiting the workers.

两种基本视角帮助社会学家解释社会。功能主义将社会视为由相互连接的部件（制度）组成的系统，像身体里的器官一样协同运作，促进稳定和共识。马克思主义受卡尔·马克思启发，认为社会建立在阶级之间的冲突之上——统治阶级（资产阶级）剥削工人阶级（无产阶级）。

Quick recall: Functionalism = society functions smoothly for everyone (like a well‑oiled machine). Marxism = conflict between the rich and poor, remember MARx and class war.

快速回想：功能主义 = 社会为所有人顺畅地发挥功能（像运转良好的机器）。马克思主义 = 富人与穷人之间的冲突，记住 MARx 和阶级斗争。

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7. Research Methods Vocabulary | 研究方法词汇

Sociologists collect evidence using different methods. Quantitative data is numerical information from surveys or statistics, answering ‘how many’ questions. Qualitative data is non‑numerical, in‑depth information from interviews or observations, exploring meanings and experiences. Primary data is collected first‑hand by the researcher; secondary data is information that already exists, such as official statistics or documents. Research ethics are moral guidelines, including informed consent, confidentiality and avoidance of harm.

社会学家用不同方法收集证据。定量数据是来自调查或统计的数字信息，回答“有多少”的问题。定性数据是来自访谈或观察的非数字、深度信息，探索意义和体验。一手数据由研究者亲手收集；二手数据是已有的信息，如官方统计或文献。研究伦理是道德指导方针，包括知情同意、保密和避免伤害。

Memory aid: Quantitative = quantity (numbers). Qualitative = quality (descriptions). Think ‘primary’ as your own work, ‘secondary’ as someone else’s work you borrow.

记忆辅助：Quantitative（定量）对应 quantity（数量）。Qualitative（定性）对应 quality（性质）。把“一手”想成自己的作品，“二手”是你借用他人的作品。

Term	Memory Hint
Quantitative	Numbers – ‘quant’ sounds like ‘count’
Qualitative	Stories and words – ‘qual’ like ‘quality’ of life
Primary data	You do it first
Secondary data	Second-hand information

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8. Agents of Socialisation in Detail | 社会化主体详述

The main agents of socialisation are family, school, peer group and mass media. The family teaches informal rules like sharing and table manners. School introduces formal rules such as punctuality, uniform and respect for authority, as well as the ‘hidden curriculum’ of discipline and obedience. Peer groups strongly influence tastes, slang and behaviour during adolescence. Mass media transmits widely shared images and norms, shaping values on a large scale.

社会化主体主要有家庭、学校、同伴群体和大众媒体。家庭教导分享和餐桌礼仪等非正式规则。学校引入守时、着装规范和尊重权威等正式规则，同时也传递纪律和服从的“隐性课程”。同伴群体在青春期强烈影响品味、俚语和行为。大众媒体则传播广泛共享的影像和规范，大规模塑造价值观。

Use the acronym FSPM (Family, School, Peers, Media) and imagine a story: A family takes a child to school, where friends and social media shape who they become. This storyline chains the agents together.

用缩写 FSPM（家庭、学校、同伴、媒体），并想象一个故事：一个家庭送孩子去学校，在那里朋友和社交媒体塑造了他们的样子。这个故事情节就把主体串在了一起。

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9. Social Control: Formal and Informal | 社会控制：正式与非正式

Social control includes all the ways society encourages conformity and reduces deviance. Formal social control is exercised by official agencies with written rules – police, courts, schools – and involves sanctions like fines, detention or expulsion. Informal social control is carried out by family, friends and communities through approval, criticism, ridicule or praise, without official rules.

社会控制包含所有鼓励从众、减少越轨行为的方式。正式社会控制由拥有成文规则的官方机构——警察、法院、学校——实施，涉及罚款、留校察看或开除等制裁。非正式社会控制则由家庭、朋友和社区通过认可、批评、嘲讽或赞扬实施，没有正式规则。

Remember: Formal = Forces like the law. Informal = Influence from people close to you. Think of a school uniform rule (formal) versus a friend’s teasing about your clothes (informal).

记住：正式（Formal）= Forces（强制力），如法律。非正式（Informal）= Influence（影响），来自你身边人的影响。想一下校服规定（正式）与朋友对你衣着的取笑（非正式）的区别。

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10. Gender, Identity and Socialisation | 性别、身份与社会化

Gender refers to the social and cultural roles, behaviours and expectations associated with being male or female, distinct from biological sex. Identity is our sense of self, shaped by social interactions and groups. Sociologists argue that gender roles are largely learned through socialisation – for example, toys, clothes and media messages often steer boys and girls towards different activities.

性别指与男性或女性相关的社会和文化角色、行为及期望，不同于生物性别。身份是我们的自我感觉，由社会互动和群体塑造。社会学家认为性别角色主要通过社会化习得——例如，玩具、服装和媒体信息往往引导男孩和女孩走向不同的活动。

Memory shortcut: GENDER is SOCIAL, SEX is BIOLOGICAL. Use the letter ‘G’ to recall ‘Gender is taught through Groups’.

记忆捷径：GENDER（性别）是社会性的，SEX（生理性别）是生物性的。用字母 G 唤醒“性别是通过群体教授形成的”。

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11. Quick Memory Techniques for Sociology Terms | 社会学术语快速记忆技巧

Build acronyms for sets of terms, such as C.A.G.E.: Culture, Agents of socialisation, Gender, Equality. Create visual stories where an iceberg (culture) is handed by a family (primary socialisation) to a school (secondary socialisation). Use flashcards with the term on one side and a definition plus doodle on the other – drawing an iceberg or a cake forces you to translate words into images. Teach a term to a friend or relative; explaining out loud reinforces your own understanding.

为术语组建造首字母缩略词，比如 C.A.G.E.：文化、社会化主体、性别、平等。创作视觉故事：一个家庭（初级社会化）将冰山（文化）交给学校（次级社会化）。使用抽认卡，一面写术语，另一面写定义加涂鸦——画一座冰山或一个蛋糕，会迫使你将文字转化为图像。把一个术语教给朋友或亲属；大声解释能巩固自己的理解。

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12. Glossary of Commonly Confused Terms | 常见易混淆术语表

Here is a quick reference table to help you separate terms that often get mixed up in KS3 WJEC sociology.

以下快速参考表助你区分 KS3 WJEC 社会学中经常混淆的术语。

Term pair	Distinction and memory tip
Norms vs Values	Norms are the ‘do this’ rules (queuing); values are the ‘this is important’ beliefs (fairness). ‘V’ for Values = Virtues.
Culture vs Society	Culture is the shared way of life; society is the group of people living together in an organised way.
Primary vs Secondary socialisation	Primary = first, family; Secondary = after primary, wider world.
Social stratification vs Social class	Stratification is the whole layered system; social class is one strand within it.
Formal vs Informal social control	Formal has written rules and state agencies; informal uses unwritten expectations and peer pressure.

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Published by TutorHao | Sociology Revision Series | aleveler.com

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