📚 Cambridge Pre-U Computer Science 2026: Syllabus Changes and Exam Trends | 剑桥 Pre-U 计算机科学 2026:大纲变化与考试趋势
The Cambridge Pre-U Computer Science qualification (9768) has long been respected for its rigorous, university-style assessment. For examinations from 2026, Cambridge Assessment International Education has introduced a major syllabus update that reflects the accelerating evolution of technology and pedagogical best practice. This article analyses every key change, helping teachers and learners plan with confidence for the first 2026 sitting and beyond.
剑桥 Pre-U 计算机科学(9768)长期以来因其严谨、接近大学风格的评估而备受推崇。从 2026 年考试季开始,剑桥大学国际考评部对大纲进行了重大更新,以反映技术的快速演进和最佳教学实践。本文逐一分析所有关键变化,帮助教师和学生从容规划 2026 年首考及之后的备考。
1. Why 2026 Matters for Pre-U Computer Science | 2026 年为何对 Pre‑U 计算机科学至关重要
The 2026 syllabus is not a minor refresh but a structural revision. The changes are driven by feedback from higher education institutions, the growing importance of artificial intelligence and cybersecurity, and the need to assess computational thinking more authentically. Candidates sitting the exams in May/June 2026 will be the first to experience the updated paper formats, revised coursework criteria, and new topic content.
2026 年的大纲并非小幅更新,而是一次结构性的修订。这些变化源于高等教育机构的反馈、人工智能与网络安全日益增长的重要性,以及更真实地评估计算思维的需求。参加 2026 年 5 月/6 月考试的考生将是首批体验更新后试卷格式、修订后课程作业标准以及新增主题内容的学生。
Teachers should note that the 2025 sitting remains based on the current syllabus (for the last time), after which all candidates must switch. The phased withdrawal of legacy content means that resources and schemes of work must be rebuilt around the 2026 specification. Early adoption in Year 12 teaching from September 2024 is strongly recommended.
教师应注意,2025 年考试仍将基于现行大纲(最后一次使用),此后所有考生必须切换。旧版内容的分阶段淘汰意味着教学资源和教学计划必须围绕 2026 年规范重新构建。强烈建议从 2024 年 9 月起在 12 年级教学中提前采用新大纲。
From a global trend perspective, the 2026 update aligns Cambridge Pre-U more closely with the A‑Level Computer Science (9618) framework, yet retains the distinctive open‑ended, pre‑release problem‑solving element that universities value. This dual alignment ensures both rigorous depth and smooth progression to undergraduate study.
从全球趋势来看,2026 年的更新使剑桥 Pre‑U 与 A‑Level 计算机科学(9618)框架更为一致,同时保留了大学所看重的独特的开放式、预发布的问题解决元素。这种双重对齐既保证了严谨的深度,也确保了顺利衔接本科学习。
2. Revised Paper Structure Overview | 试卷结构调整概览
The four‑component model is retained, but each component has been re‑weighted and, in some cases, renamed. The table below summarises the new layout valid from 2026:
四部分模型得以保留,但每部分的权重已重新调整,部分试卷也进行了重命名。下表总结了自 2026 年起生效的新结构:
| Component | 2026 Name | Marks | Weighting |
|---|---|---|---|
| Paper 1 | Computer Science Principles | 100 | 30% |
| Paper 2 | Practical Programming Project | 80 | 25% |
| Paper 3 | Advanced Theory & Algorithms | 100 | 25% |
| Paper 4 | Computational Problem Solving | 100 | 20% |
Component names have been updated to better communicate their focus. The total qualification weighting adds up to 100% across the four components. Notice that Paper 2 (coursework) has increased from 20% to 25%, amplifying the importance of the programming project, while Paper 4 has been reduced from 25% to 20%.
各部分名称已更新,以更清晰地传达其侧重点。四个部分的总权重合计为 100%。请注意,试卷二(课程作业)权重从 20% 提高至 25%,增强了编程项目的重要性;试卷四权重则从 25% 降至 20%。
3. Paper 1: Computer Science Principles | 试卷一:计算机科学原理更新
Previously known as ‘Computer Science Fundamentals’, Paper 1 remains a 2‑hour 30‑minute written paper. Its scope now explicitly includes binary, hexadecimal, floating‑point representation, and Boolean logic as before, but with added sections on data compression, encryption fundamentals, and an introduction to artificial neural networks at a conceptual level.
试卷一此前称为“计算机科学基础”,现仍为 2 小时 30 分钟的笔试。其范围现在明确包括二进制、十六进制、浮点数表示和布尔逻辑(与以往相同),但新增了数据压缩、加密基础,以及概念层面上对人工神经网络的介绍。
Database and SQL topics have been deepened: candidates must now write complex queries involving multiple joins, sub‑selects, and aggregate functions. Normalisation is extended to third normal form, with an expectation that students can analyse given tables and propose normalised designs.
数据库和 SQL 主题得到了深化:考生现在必须编写涉及多表连接、子查询和聚合函数的复杂查询。范式化扩展至第三范式,要求学生能分析给定的表并提出规范化的设计方案。
Networking content now includes a layer‑by‑layer treatment of the TCP/IP model, IPv4 versus IPv6 addressing, and the role of protocols such as HTTPS, TLS 1.3, and QUIC. Candidates must also explain the principles of cloud computing, virtualisation, and distributed systems at a descriptive level.
网络内容现在包括对 TCP/IP 模型逐层讲解、IPv4 与 IPv6 寻址的对比,以及 HTTPS、TLS 1.3 和 QUIC 等协议的作用。考生还必须能够在描述层面解释云计算、虚拟化和分布式系统的原理。
Assessment style in Paper 1 continues to use multiple choice, short answer, and structured questions. However, the proportion of questions requiring extended writing has increased from about 15% to 25%, demanding coherent technical explanations rather than simple recall.
试卷一的评估风格继续采用选择题、简答题和结构化问题。然而,要求长篇写作的问题比例从约 15% 提高至 25%,要求考生给出连贯的技术解释,而不仅仅是简单的记忆复述。
4. Paper 2: Practical Programming Project Requirements | 试卷二:编程项目新要求
Paper 2 remains the coursework component, but the 2026 specification introduces substantial changes. The most significant is the requirement to use Python (3.10 or later) as the sole implementation language. Previously, any high‑level language was permitted; the move to a single language allows examiners to design marking criteria that better reward good software engineering practices such as unit testing, type hinting, and documentation standards.
试卷二仍然是课程作业部分,但 2026 年规范引入了实质性变化。最显著的是要求使用 Python(3.10 或更高版本)作为唯一的实现语言。此前允许使用任何高级语言;转向单一语言使考官能够设计出更好地奖励良好软件工程实践的评分标准,如单元测试、类型提示和文档规范。
Students must now produce a project report that includes not just analysis, design, implementation, and evaluation, but also an explicit section on testing strategy – covering unit tests, integration tests, and user acceptance testing. Evidence of automated testing using frameworks such as pytest or unittest is strongly rewarded.
学生现在必须撰写的项目报告不仅包括分析、设计、实现和评估,还必须包含一个明确的测试策略部分——涵盖单元测试、集成测试和用户验收测试。使用 pytest 或 unittest 等框架进行自动化测试的证据将获得高度奖励。
The project theme is no longer completely free. Cambridge provides an annual problem scenario from which the candidate must derive a specific requirement. This change ensures comparability across centres and encourages genuine problem decomposition rather than self‑defined trivial tasks. The 2026 pre‑release scenario material will be issued on 1 September 2025.
项目主题不再完全自由。剑桥每年提供一个年度问题场景,考生必须从中推导出具体需求。这一变化确保了各中心之间的可比性,并鼓励真实的问题分解,而非自定义的琐碎任务。2026 年的预发布场景材料将于 2025 年 9 月 1 日发布。
Additionally, the project must now demonstrate use of a relational database or an external API. This requirement pushes candidates to integrate their program with persistent storage or live data, reflecting real‑world software development. Marks for ‘sophistication of programming techniques’ have been re‑weighted to give more emphasis to error handling, logging, and code modularity.
此外,项目现在必须展示关系数据库或外部 API 的使用。这一要求促使考生将其程序与持久化存储或实时数据集成,反映真实的软件开发。“编程技术复杂性”的分数已被重新加权,更强调错误处理、日志记录和代码模块化。
5. Paper 3: Advanced Theory & Algorithms | 试卷三:高级理论主题扩展
Paper 3, now titled ‘Advanced Theory & Algorithms’, builds directly on Paper 1 and assesses deeper computational concepts. A brand‑new topic is the formal analysis of algorithms, including asymptotic notation (Big O, Big Ω, Big Θ) for best‑case, average‑case, and worst‑case scenarios. Students must be able to derive the time complexity of iterative and recursive algorithms, including divide‑and‑conquer strategies.
试卷三现更名为“高级理论与算法”,直接建立在试卷一的基础上,评估更深层次的计算概念。一个全新的主题是算法的形式化分析,包括最佳情况、平均情况和最坏情况下的渐进符号(大 O、大 Ω、大 Θ)。学生必须能够推导迭代算法和递归算法(包括分治策略)的时间复杂度。
Data structures coverage has been expanded. In addition to stacks, queues, linked lists, trees, and graphs, the 2026 syllabus includes hash tables with collision resolution strategies, priority queues with binary heap implementation, and balanced trees (AVL tree concept). Students are expected to compare data structure performance using Big O in context.
数据结构的覆盖范围已经扩大。除栈、队列、链表、树和图之外,2026 年大纲还包括带冲突解决策略的哈希表、二叉堆实现的优先队列,以及平衡树(AVL 树概念)。期望学生能够在特定情境下利用大 O 符号比较数据结构的性能。
Programming paradigms now receive a structured treatment. The syllabus distinguishes between imperative, object‑oriented, functional, and declarative paradigms. Pupils must explain features such as first‑class functions, closures, currying (functional context), and class inheritance polymorphism. This aligns with the enlarged role of Python which supports multiple paradigms.
编程范式现在有了结构化的处理。大纲区分了命令式、面向对象、函数式和声明式范式。学生必须解释诸如一等函数、闭包、柯里化(函数式语境)和类继承多态等特性。这与 Python 增强的角色一致,该语言支持多种范式。
The assessment of Paper 3 remains a 2‑hour 30‑minute written paper. Around 40% of the marks are now dedicated to algorithmic problem‑solving, often using pseudocode or tracing snippets. The pseudocode syntax has been standardised to a Cambridge‑defined reference language, published in the syllabus appendix.
试卷三的评估仍然是 2 小时 30 分钟的笔试。大约 40% 的分数现在专门用于算法问题解决,通常使用伪代码或代码追踪。伪代码语法已标准化为剑桥定义的参考语言,发布在大纲附录中。
6. Paper 4: Computational Problem Solving | 试卷四:应用问题解决的侧重
Paper 4 has been transformed from ‘Further Problem‑solving’ to ‘Computational Problem Solving’. Its distinctive pre‑release material remains, issued six weeks before the examination. However, the material now presents a richer, often real‑world scenario involving large data sets, simulation requirements, or multi‑agent systems. Students must study the material independently and prepare algorithmic approaches, but they are not allowed to bring any written notes into the exam.
试卷四已从“进阶问题解决”转变为“计算问题解决”。其独特的预发布材料仍然保留,在考试前六周发布。然而,现在的材料呈现了一个更丰富的、通常是现实世界的场景,涉及大型数据集、仿真需求或多智能体系统。学生必须独立学习材料并准备算法方法,但不得将任何书面笔记带入考场。
The examination lasts 2 hours 30 minutes and all questions are compulsory. Questions will ask candidates to extend, adapt, or critique the algorithms described in the pre‑release, propose alternative data structures, and analyse the ethical implications of automated decisions. This tests higher‑order thinking and the ability to transfer theory to new contexts.
考试时长为 2 小时 30 分钟,所有题目均为必答题。问题将要求考生扩展、调整或批评预发布材料中描述的算法,提出替代的数据结构,并分析自动化决策的伦理影响。这测试了高阶思维以及将理论迁移到新情境的能力。
From 2026, Paper 4 explicitly rewards mathematical reasoning. Expect questions that ask for probability estimates of algorithm outcomes, expected values, or simple queueing theory applied to computational processes. The use of calculators is permitted, and candidates should be comfortable with carrying out floating‑point arithmetic and interpreting results to a given precision.
从 2026 年起,试卷四明确奖励数学推理。预计会出现要求估计算法结果的概率、期望值,或将简单排队理论应用于计算过程的问题。允许使用计算器,考生应能够熟练进行浮点运算并按给定精度解读结果。
The reduced weighting (20%) does not diminish its importance; universities scrutinise this paper for evidence of original computational thought. Teachers are advised to embed pre‑release analysis skills throughout the two‑year course, using past materials and similar open‑ended scenarios.
权重降低(20%)并不减少其重要性;大学会仔细审核这份试卷,以寻找原创计算思维的证据。建议教师在整个两年课程中使用过往材料和类似开放式场景,嵌入预发布材料分析技能的训练。
7. Greater Emphasis on Algorithms and Complexity | 对算法与复杂性的更大强调
A consistent thread across the 2026 syllabus is the deepened treatment of algorithms. Beyond sorting and searching, candidates must now study greedy algorithms, dynamic programming (e.g., 0/1 knapsack, Dijkstra’s as greedy, Floyd‑Warshall as dynamic), and backtracking. They should be able to trace recursive tree generation and articulate how memoisation converts exponential recursion to polynomial time.
贯穿 2026 年大纲的一个不变主线是对算法的深化处理。除了排序和查找,考生现在必须学习贪心算法、动态规划(如 0/1 背包问题、Dijkstra 作为贪心算法,Floyd‑Warshall 作为动态规划),以及回溯法。他们应能够追踪递归树的生成,并阐述记忆化如何将指数级递归转换为多项式时间。
The complexity analysis requirement is not limited to Paper 3. In Paper 1, students may be asked to compare two short pseudocode fragments and to explain, using Big O, which is more efficient for large inputs. This cross‑paper integration ensures that algorithmic reasoning is assessed throughout the qualification.
复杂性分析的要求不仅限于试卷三。在试卷一中,可能要求考生比较两个简短的伪代码片段,并使用大 O 符号解释哪一个在大规模输入下更有效率。这种跨试卷的整合确保了算法推理在整个资格认证中都能得到评估。
Practical implementation of complex algorithms is expected in the Paper 2 project. A project that merely uses list comprehensions will not reach the top mark band. To access the highest marks, candidates should implement a non‑trivial algorithm of their own design – for example, a pathfinder with A* heuristic, a custom hash map, or a balanced binary search tree – and provide a reflective complexity analysis in the report.
在试卷二的项目中,期望实现复杂算法。一个仅使用列表推导式的项目将无法达到最高分数段。要获得最高分数,候选人应实现自己设计的非平凡算法——例如,带有 A* 启发式的寻路器、自定义哈希映射或平衡二叉搜索树——并在报告中提供反思性的复杂性分析。
The introduction of algorithm visualisation in class is encouraged. Cambridge suggests using tools such as Python Tutor or AlgoViz to help students build mental models of recursion and pointer manipulation. The syllabus explicitly states that the ability to draw and interpret memory‑level diagrams of data structures is assessable in written papers.
鼓励在课堂上引入算法可视化。剑桥建议使用诸如 Python Tutor 或 AlgoViz 等工具,帮助学生构建递归和指针操作的心智模型。大纲明确指出,绘制和解释数据结构的内存级示意图的能力可在笔试中进行评估。
8. Emergence of AI and Machine Learning | 人工智能与机器学习的引入
Perhaps the most talked‑about content addition is the treatment of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML). The 2026 syllabus introduces these under ‘Emerging Technologies’ in Paper 1 and deepens them in Paper 3. Students will learn the distinction between supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning, and be able to explain the roles of training data, labels, features, and loss functions.
最受热议的内容新增莫过于对人工智能(AI)和机器学习(ML)的处理。2026 年大纲在试卷一的“新兴技术”中引入了这些内容,并在试卷三中进行了深化。学生将学习监督学习、无监督学习和强化学习之间的区别,并能解释训练数据、标签、特征和损失函数的作用。
Neural networks are explained at the level of a perceptron and a multi‑layer network, with focus on weights, activation functions (sigmoid, ReLU), and forward propagation. Candidates should be able to calculate the output of a small network given a set of inputs and weights, performing the arithmetic by hand. No calculus‑based back‑propagation mathematics is required, but conceptual understanding of weight adjustment is expected.
神经网络以感知器和多层网络为讲解层面,重点在权重、激活函数(sigmoid、ReLU)和前向传播。考生应能够根据给定的输入和权重计算一个小型网络的输出,手工完成算术运算。不要求基于微积分的反向传播数学,但期望对权重调整的概念性理解。
Ethical discussion of AI bias, data privacy, and algorithmic accountability is woven into Paper 4 scenarios. A typical question might present an AI‑based recruitment system and ask candidates to identify potential sources of bias in training data, suggest fairness metrics, and propose mitigation strategies. These extended‑response questions reward balanced, structured arguments.
关于 AI 偏见、数据隐私和算法问责的伦理讨论被融入到试卷四的场景中。一个典型的问题可能呈现一个基于 AI 的招聘系统,并让考生识别训练数据中潜在的偏见来源,提出公平性指标,并建议缓解策略。这些长篇回答题目奖励平衡、结构化的论证。
It is crucial to recognise that AI is not assessed as a standalone computing topic but rather as an application of core concepts: data representation, algorithm design, and social impact. Teachers should integrate AI examples when teaching searching, optimisation, and pattern recognition to build familiarity well before the exam.
必须认识到,AI 不是作为一个独立的计算主题来评估的,而是作为核心概念的应用:数据表示、算法设计和社会影响。教师在教授搜索、优化和模式识别时,应融入 AI 实例,以便在考试前尽早建立熟悉度。
9. Cybersecurity, Ethics and Legal Issues | 网络安全、伦理与法律问题
Cybersecurity has been elevated from a subsection to a dedicated topic strand, appearing in Papers 1, 3, and 4. Students need to understand threat modelling, common attack vectors (malware, phishing, SQL injection, cross‑site scripting, DDoS), and defensive mechanisms including firewalls, intrusion detection systems, encryption at rest and in transit, and penetration testing.
网络安全已从一个小节提升为一个专门的主题链,出现在试卷一、试卷三和试卷四中。学生需要理解威胁建模、常见的攻击向量(恶意软件、网络钓鱼、SQL 注入、跨站脚本、DDoS),以及防御机制,包括防火墙、入侵检测系统、静态与传输加密,以及渗透测试。
The ethical and legal dimension is now more prominent. The syllabus references the UK Data Protection Act 2018, Computer Misuse Act 1990, and, importantly, the EU‑wide GDPR principles which remain relevant to global technology firms. Candidates must be able to discuss real‑world case studies, such as data breaches and their consequences, quoting appropriate legislation.
伦理和法律维度现在更加突出。大纲引用了英国 2018 年《数据保护法》、1990 年《计算机滥用法》,以及更重要的是对全球科技公司仍然相关的欧盟 GDPR 原则。考生必须能够讨论现实世界的案例研究,如数据泄露及其后果,并引用适当的立法。
Candidates are also expected to understand the concept of computer ethics at a philosophical level: the ACM Code of Ethics, professional responsibility, and the tension between technological capability and social good. Short‑essay questions in Paper 3 will ask students to argue for or against propositions such as “data collection by default improves user experience more than it erodes privacy.”
考生还应从哲学层面理解计算机伦理的概念:ACM 道德规范、职业责任,以及技术能力与社会利益之间的张力。试卷三中的短论文问题将要求学生论证支持或反对诸如“默认数据收集改善用户体验的程度超过其侵蚀隐私的程度”等命题。
To support this, Cambridge has released a set of pre‑reading digital resources, including ethical frameworks adapted for computer scientists. Using these in class helps students structure arguments around rights, consequences, and virtues – a skill that translates directly to higher marks in extended responses.
为支持这一点,剑桥发布了一套预习数字资源,包括为计算机科学家改编的伦理框架。在课堂上使用这些资源有助于学生围绕权利、后果和美德构建论证——这项技能直接转化为长篇回答中更高的分数。
10. Assessment Weighting and Grade Thresholds | 评估权重与等级阈值的调整
The rebalancing of weightings has a direct impact on preparation strategy. With Paper 2 now at 25%, the programming project cannot be treated as a side activity; it must be a central, monitored component of the curriculum. Conversely, Paper 4 at 20% means the high‑stakes, last‑minute pre‑release preparation must be balanced with consistent theory revision across two years.
权重的重新平衡对备考策略有直接影响。试卷二如今占 25%,编程项目不能被视为次要活动;它必须是课程中核心的、受监测的部分。相反,试卷四占 20% 意味着高风险的、最后关头的预发布材料准备必须与两年间持续的理论复习相平衡。
Grade threshold data from previous Pre‑U examinations shows that the A boundary typically sits between 72% and 78% of the raw marks. Cambridge has stated that thresholds for 2026 will be set using professional judgement, as the new syllabus prevents direct comparability with earlier series. Students should therefore aim for mastery across all components rather than targeting a specific raw mark.
过往 Pre‑U 考试的等级阈值数据显示,A 等级边界通常位于原始分数的 72% 至 78% 之间。剑桥已声明,2026 年的阈值将使用专业判断来设定,因为新大纲无法与历年批次进行直接比较。因此,学生应致力于全面掌握所有部分,而非瞄准某个特定的原始分数。
The new syllabus also introduces optional, formative progress tests endorsed by Cambridge, which centres can administer in Year 12. These tests include both practical coding tasks and written theory tasks, and help teachers identify students who may need additional support before entering the final year.
新大纲还引入了剑桥认可的、可选的、形成性进展测试,各中心可在 12 年级实施。这些测试包括实用编程任务和书面理论任务,帮助教师识别在进入最后一学年之前可能需要额外支持的学生。
11. Effective Revision and Resource Planning | 有效的复习与资源规划
With the syllabus widened, time management becomes critical. A two‑year plan should map each half‑term to specific syllabus areas, building in multiple cycles of revisiting core algorithms and data structures. Spaced repetition and interleaved practice – alternating between theory, coding, and pre‑release style problem‑solving – yield better retention than block revision.
由于大纲内容有所拓宽,时间管理变得至关重要。一份两年计划应将每个半学期对应到具体的大纲领域,并安排多次循环复习核心算法和数据结构。间隔重复和交错练习——在理论、编程和预发布式问题解决之间交替进行——比集中复习更有利于记忆保持。
Recommended resources include the official Cambridge Pre‑U Computer Science textbook (2025 edition) and the online programming platform ‘REPL.it’ or ‘GitHub Classroom’ for collaborative project work. For algorithm practice, ‘LeetCode’ easy‑to‑medium problems provide suitable pseudocode conversion tasks. Teachers should also curate a bank of pre‑release scenarios from past Paper 4 materials for mock exercises.
推荐资源包括剑桥 Pre‑U 计算机科学官方教材(2025 年版),以及用于协作项目作业的在线编程平台“REPL.it”或“GitHub Classroom”。在算法练习方面,“LeetCode”简单至中等难度题目提供了合适的伪代码转换任务。教师还应整理过往试卷四预发布材料的题库,用于模拟练习。
Professional development is essential. Cambridge offers online training modules specifically for the 2026 Computer Science update. Attending these workshops early – ideally before September 2025 – equips teachers to handle the new AI and complexity content confidently and to design coursework projects that meet the elevated standards.
专业发展至关重要。剑桥专门为 2026 年计算机科学更新提供了在线培训模块。尽早参加这些讲习班——理想情况下在 2025 年 9 月之前——能使教师能够自信地处理新增的 AI 与复杂性内容,并设计出符合提升后标准的课程作业项目。
12. Final Thoughts and Future Outlook | 总结与未来展望
The 2026 Cambridge Pre‑U Computer Science syllabus represents a purposeful evolution. It demands deeper analytical skills, genuine programming craftsmanship, and an informed perspective on the societal role of computing. While the breadth of new content may seem daunting, the structured release of materials and the clear progression from current topics make the transition manageable.
2026 年剑桥 Pre‑U 计算机科学大纲代表了一次有目的的演进。它要求更深层次的分析技能、真正的编程技艺,以及对计算社会角色的知情视角。虽然新增内容的广度可能令人望而生畏,但结构化的材料发布和从当前主题的清晰递进,使得过渡具有可管理性。
Looking beyond 2026, it is likely that future updates will deepen AI and data science components further, possibly introducing requirements for neural network design using frameworks such as TensorFlow. For now, internalising the 2026 changes and adapting teaching accordingly will place candidates in the strongest position to excel and to impress competitive university computer science admissions tutors.
展望 2026 年之后,未来的更新很可能会进一步深化 AI 和数据科学部分,可能引入使用 TensorFlow 等框架进行神经网络设计的要求。就目前而言,内化 2026 年的变化并相应调整教学,将使考生处于最有利的位置,脱颖而出,并给竞争激烈的大学计算机科学招生导师留下深刻印象。
Published by TutorHao | Computer Science Revision Series | aleveler.com
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