Formula & Theorems Quick Reference for Pre-U WJEC Chinese | Pre-U WJEC 中文:公式定理速查手册

📚 Formula & Theorems Quick Reference for Pre-U WJEC Chinese | Pre-U WJEC 中文:公式定理速查手册

This handbook is designed as a rapid revision tool for learners preparing for the Pre-U WJEC Chinese examination. It condenses essential grammatical patterns, sentence “formulas”, and usage theorems that form the core of the syllabus. Mastering these structures will boost accuracy in translation, essay writing, and oral expression.

本手册是为 Pre-U WJEC 中文考试量身打造的快速复习工具。它将大纲核心的重要语法模式、句式“公式”和使用定理浓缩一体。掌握这些结构能够显著提升翻译、写作和口语表达的准确性。


1. Pinyin Tone Formulas | 拼音声调口诀

Tone marks in Hanyu Pinyin always sit on the main vowel: ‘a’ or ‘e’ takes precedence, then ‘ou’, then the final vowel. The tone sandhi rules can be expressed as formulas: 3rd tone + 3rd tone -> 2nd tone + 3rd tone (e.g. nǐ hǎo -> ní hǎo). The particle 不 (bù) changes to bú before a 4th tone; 一 (yī) changes to yí before 4th tone and yì before 1st, 2nd, 3rd tones.

汉语拼音声调符号总是标在主要元音上:有 a 找 a,没 a 找 o、e,i、u 并列标在后。变调规则可记住公式:上声+上声 → 阳平+上声(如“你好”读作 ní hǎo)。“不”在第四声前变为 bú;“一”在第四声前变为 yí,在第一、二、三声前变为 yì。


2. The SVO Blueprint | 主谓宾基本句式

Standard Mandarin follows a Subject-Verb-Object order, but adverbials of time, place and manner are placed before the verb. The overarching template: S + (Time) + (Place) + (Manner) + V + O. This “theorem” explains why we say 我明天在学校好好学中文 rather than following English adverb placement.

普通话基本语序为主谓宾,但时间、地点和方式状语常前置于动词。整体句式模板为:主语 + 时间 + 地点 + 方式 + 动词 + 宾语。这条“定理”解释了为什么我们说“我明天在学校好好学中文”而不是像英语那样把状语后置。

S + Time + Place + Manner + V + O


3. The 把 (bǎ) Construction | 把字句公式

The 把 construction shifts the object before the verb to highlight disposal, change, or result. The core formula: Subject + 把 + Object + Verb + Complement / 了. A verb in a 把 sentence cannot stand alone bare; it requires at least a resultative or directional complement, or a change-of-state 了. Examples: 他把书放在桌子上, 请把作业做完.

把字句将宾语提前以突出处置、变化或结果。其核心公式为:主语 + 把 + 宾语 + 动词 + 补语/了。把字句的动词不能光杆出现,必须至少带上结果补语、趋向补语,或表示变化完成的“了”。例如:他把书放在桌子上,请把作业做完。


4. The 被 (bèi) Passive | 被动句定理

The 被 structure marks the passive voice, with the agent optionally introduced. Formula: Patient + 被 (+ Agent) + Verb + Complement / 了. In formal registers, 被 can be replaced by 叫, 让, 给 in colloquial usage, but 被 remains the general written form. Remember: the verb still needs a complement or 了. Example: 杯子被他打破了.

“被”字结构表示被动,施事者可以出现也可省略。公式:受事 + 被 (+ 施事) + 动词 + 补语/了。在口语中,“被”可以用“叫、让、给”替代,但书面语仍以“被”为通用形式。牢记:动词同样需要补语或“了”。例如:杯子被他打破了。


5. Complement Formulas | 补语结构速查

Complements are vital post-verbal elements. They come in several types, each with a distinct formula.

补语是动词后必不可少的成分,分为几种类型,各有不同公式。

Resultative complement: V + 完/到/错/懂/干净 etc. → 看完了, 听懂了. 中文结果补语:动词 + 完/到/错/懂/干净等 → 看完了, 听懂了。

Directional complement: V + 来/去 or compound: 上来, 下去, 进来, 出去. E.g., 跑回来. 中文趋向补语:动词 + 来/去,或复合形式:上来、下去、进来、出去。例如:跑回来。

Potential complement: V + 得/不 + result/direction → 看得见, 听不明白. 中文可能补语:动词 + 得/不 + 结果/方向 → 看得见, 听不明白。

Degree complement: V + 得/不 + adj. → 写得好, 说不好. 中文程度补语:动词 + 得/不 + 形容词 → 写得好, 说不好。


6. Aspect Particles: 了, 着, 过 | 动态助词定理

These three aspect markers encode how an action relates to time. 了 splits into perfective 了₁ (verb suffix) and modal 了₂ (sentence-final change-of-state). 着 (zhe) marks a continuous state or ongoing action. 过 (guo) signals past experience. Formula patterns: V+了₁+O (+了₂) for completion; V+着 (+O) for state; V+过+O for experience.

这三个动态助词编码动作与时间的关系。“了”分为表完成的动词后缀“了₁”和句末表变化“了₂”。“着”表示持续状态或进行态。“过”表示曾经经历。公式模式:V+了₁+O(+了₂) 表示完成;V+着(+O) 表示持续;V+过+O 表示经历。


7. Comparison Formulas | 比较句式定理

Type Formula Example
Superiority A + 比 + B + Adj. 他比我高。
Inferiority A + 没有/不如 + B + Adj. 她的中文没有我好。
Equality A + 跟/和 + B + 一样 (+ Adj.) 这本书跟那本一样厚。

For differentials, add 得多, 一点儿, or a concrete quantity after the adjective in 比 sentences: 他比我小三岁。

表示差异时,可在“比”字句形容词后加“得多”“一点儿”或具体数量:他比我小三岁。


8. Conjunction Theorems | 关联词语速记

Complex sentences in formal Chinese rely on fixed conjunction pairs. Treat them as inseparable logical blocks.

正式中文的复句依赖固定搭配的关联词,应视作不可分割的逻辑模块。

  • 因为…所以… (cause-effect)

    因为下雨,所以我们没去公园。

  • 虽然…但是… (concession)

    虽然很累,但是他还是坚持学习。

  • 只要…就… (sufficient condition)

    只要努力,就一定能成功。

  • 只有…才… (necessary condition)

    只有多听多说,才能提高口语。

  • 即使…也… (hypothetical concession)

    即使明天下雨,我也要出门。

  • 无论…都… (universal condition)

    无论多难,我们都不会放弃。


9. 的 (de) Modulation Formula | 定语和“的”使用定理

The particle 的 links a modifier to a head noun. It is often omitted in close-knit nominal compounds (noun attributes, kinship terms, or institutional names) but retained when the modifier is a phrase, adjective with adverb, or disyllabic adjective requiring emphasis. Rule of thumb: single-character adjectives usually drop 的 (好人), while multi-character or modified adjectives keep it (很漂亮的地方). Possessive and relative clauses always keep 的.

“的”用于连接定语和中心语。定语为名词、亲属称谓或机构名称时通常省略“的”;短语、带副词的形容词、双音节形容词需保留。单音节形容词作定语一般省略“的”(好人),而多音节或受修饰的形容词则需用“的”(很漂亮的地方)。领属关系和关系从句中“的”不可省略。


10. Topic-Comment Architecture | 主题-述题结构

Chinese commonly employs topic-prominence: the topic is placed at the front, and the comment follows. This is not simply an inverted SVO but a fundamental discourse pattern: Topic (+ Subject) + Comment. 饭我吃过了 illustrates this, with ‘饭’ as topic and ‘我吃过了’ as comment. Recognising this theorem is crucial for natural translation and avoiding awkward English calques.

中文常使用主题突出结构:主题置于句首,述题紧随其后。这并非简单的主谓倒装,而是一种基本话语模式:主题(+主语)+ 述题。“饭我吃过了”中,“饭”是主题,“我吃过了”是述题。理解这条定理对翻译出自然的中文至关重要,能避免生硬的英式套译。


11. Idiom Patterns and Figurative Formulas | 成语结构与修辞手法

Many four-character idioms (chengyu) follow strict morphological patterns: AABB (马马虎虎), ABAC (一心一意), AABC (历历在目), or ABCC (得意洋洋). Rhetorical devices can be recognised via repeatable templates: 比喻 (metaphor/simile) often uses 像, 如, 仿佛; 对偶 (antithesis) balances two clauses of equal length; 排比 (parallelism) employs three or more parallel phrases. These devices are tested in literary appreciation, so treat them as theorems of stylistic analysis.

许多四字成语遵循固定的构词法:AABB式(马马虎虎)、ABAC式(一心一意)、AABC式(历历在目)、ABCC式(得意洋洋)。修辞手法可通过可重复模板识别:比喻常用“像、如、仿佛”;对偶要求两个结构相同、字数相等的语句;排比则由三个或以上平行短语构成。这些手法在文学赏析中常考,应视为风格分析中的定理来掌握。


12. Classical Chinese Particle ‘Theorems’ | 文言虚词速查

WJEC Pre-U Chinese often includes Classical Chinese translation or commentary, where function particles act as grammatical ‘operators’. Key formulas: 之 functions as possessive marker (equal to 的) or pronominal object; 其 indicates possession or a ‘his/her/its/their’; 而 often links verbs (conjunction ‘and’ or ‘but’); 以 introduces an instrument or purpose (‘with’, ‘in order to’); 于 marks location or passive agent; 者 nominalises a verb phrase; 也 ends a judgement sentence. Mastering these particles unlocks comprehension of unseen texts.

WJEC Pre-U 中文考试常包括文言文翻译或评析,其中虚词充当着语法“算子”。核心定理:之用作领属标志(相当于“的”)或宾语代词;其表示领属或“他/她/它的”;而常连接动词(表并列或转折);以引导工具或目的(“用,来”);于标引地点或被动施事;者将动词短语名词化;也用于判断句句尾。掌握这些虚词能够解锁文言文理解。


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