📚 Pre-U AQA German: Formula & Rule Quick Reference Handbook | Pre-U AQA 德语:公式定理速查手册
This handbook compiles the essential grammar formulas and rules required for the Pre-U AQA German examination. It serves as a quick revision aid, presenting declension tables, conjugation patterns, and structural principles in a clear, formulaic style. Mastery of these building blocks will sharpen both written accuracy and spoken fluency.
这本手册汇集了 Pre-U AQA 德语考试所需的核心语法公式与规则。它是一份快速复习工具,以清晰的公式化风格呈现变格表、变位模式及结构原则。掌握这些基础模块,将提高写作准确性与口语流利度。
1. Gender, Number, Case | 名词的性、数、格
Every German noun possesses a fixed grammatical gender: masculine, feminine, or neuter. The number can be singular or plural, and the case shows the noun’s function: nominative (subject), accusative (direct object), dative (indirect object), or genitive (possession). The interplay of these features governs article and adjective endings.
每个德语名词都有一个固定的语法性别:阳性、阴性或中性。数可以是单数或复数,格则显示名词的功能:主格(主语)、宾格(直接宾语)、与格(间接宾语)或属格(所有关系)。这些特征间的相互作用决定了冠词和形容词的词尾。
Gender → der (m), die (f), das (n), die (pl)
Cases: Nominativ (Wer?), Akkusativ (Wen?), Dativ (Wem?), Genitiv (Wessen?)
| Case | Question | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | Wer/Was? | Der Hund bellt. |
| Accusative | Wen/Was? | Ich sehe den Hund. |
| Dative | Wem? | Ich helfe dem Mann. |
| Genitive | Wessen? | Das Auto des Vaters. |
Note that in the plural, all genders share the article die and merge certain case forms, making the plural a distinct ‘fourth gender’ for learners.
注意,在复数中,所有性别共用冠词 die,且某些格的形式合并,这使得复数对学习者而言形同“第四性”。
2. Definite and Indefinite Article Declensions | 定冠词与不定冠词变格
The definite articles (the) and indefinite articles (a/an) inflect according to case, gender, and number. Their declension patterns form the basis for many other determiners. Memorising these tables is the first formula for accurate German.
定冠词与不定冠词根据格、性和数进行屈折变化。它们的变格模式是许多其他限定词的基础。记住这些表格是准确使用德语的第一条公式。
Definite: der (m), die (f), das (n), die (pl)
| Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | der | die | das | die |
| Accusative | den | die | das | die |
| Dative | dem | der | dem | den |
| Genitive | des | der | des | der |
Indefinite: ein (m/n), eine (f) – no plural indefinite article
| Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ein | eine | ein |
| Accusative | einen | eine | ein |
| Dative | einem | einer | einem |
| Genitive | eines | einer | eines |
The negative article kein follows the same pattern as ein and is used to negate nouns, meaning ‘no’ or ‘not a’.
否定冠词 kein 遵循与 ein 相同的模式,用于否定名词,意为“没有”或“不是一个”。
3. Adjective Endings | 形容词词尾变化
Adjective endings depend on whether a determiner precedes and what information that determiner already carries. There are three declension types: weak (after definite article), mixed (after indefinite article/possessive), and strong (no preceding determiner). Think of these as formulaic endings that echo the case, gender, and number.
形容词词尾取决于前面是否有限定词,以及该限定词已经承载了哪些信息。共有三种变格类型:弱变化(在定冠词后)、混合变化(在不定冠词/物主词后)和强变化(前面无限定词)。可以将这些视为与格、性、数相呼应的公式化词尾。
Weak Endings: -e or -en
The weak declension uses -e in nominative singular all genders and feminine accusative singular, and -en everywhere else. It signals that the preceding article already marks the case clearly.
弱变化在单数主格所有性别及阴性单数宾格中使用 -e,其余情况使用 -en。它表示前面的冠词已清晰标出格位。
| Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | der nette Mann (-e) | die nette Frau (-e) | das nette Kind (-e) | die netten Leute (-en) |
| Accusative | den netten Mann (-en) | die nette Frau (-e) | das nette Kind (-e) | die netten Leute (-en) |
| Dative | dem netten Mann (-en) | der netten Frau (-en) | dem netten Kind (-en) | den netten Leuten (-en) |
| Genitive | des netten Mannes (-en) | der netten Frau (-en) | des netten Kindes (-en) | der netten Leute (-en) |
Strong Endings: carry the case signal themselves
When no article is present, the adjective takes the strong ending, which closely resembles the definite article endings (-er, -e, -es, -en, -em), except in the masculine and neuter genitive (-en instead of -es).
当没有冠词时,形容词采用强变化词尾,这些词尾与定冠词词尾(-er, -e, -es, -en, -em)非常相似,但阳性和中性属格例外(用 -en 而非 -es)。
Example: frischer Kaffee (nominative masc.), mit kaltem Wasser (dative neut.). Mixed endings after ein/kein/mein combine strong and weak signals.
示例:frischer Kaffee(主格阳性),mit kaltem Wasser(与格中性)。在 ein/kein/mein 之后的混合变化词尾结合了强弱信号。
4. Personal Pronouns | 人称代词
Personal pronouns replace nouns and change form across the four cases. The nominative forms are the familiar ich, du, er, sie, es, wir, ihr, sie, Sie. Learning their accusative, dative, and genitive counterparts is essential for sentence fluency.
人称代词替代名词,并在四个格中变形。主格形式是大家熟悉的 ich, du, er, sie, es, wir, ihr, sie, Sie。学习它们的宾格、与格和属格对应形式对于句子流畅至关重要。
| Nominative | Accusative | Dative | Genitive (rare) |
|---|---|---|---|
| ich | mich | mir | meiner |
| du | dich | dir | deiner |
| er | ihn | ihm | seiner |
| sie | sie | ihr | ihrer |
| es | es | ihm | seiner |
| wir | uns | uns | unser |
| ihr | euch | euch | euer |
| sie | sie | ihnen | ihrer |
| Sie | Sie | Ihnen | Ihrer |
Word order with pronouns: when both an accusative and a dative object are pronouns, the accusative pronoun goes first (Ich gebe es ihm.). Otherwise, dative before accusative if both are nouns, but pronoun before noun generally.
代词在句中的语序:当宾格和与格宾语均为代词时,宾格代词放在前面(Ich gebe es ihm.)。否则,若两者都是名词,则与格在宾格之前;但一般而言,代词先于名词。
5. Possessive Determiners | 物主限定词
Possessives (mein, dein, sein, ihr, unser, euer, ihr, Ihr) decline like ein-words, adding gender/case endings. They show to whom something belongs and agree in gender, number, and case with the noun that follows.
物主限定词(mein, dein, sein, ihr, unser, euer, ihr, Ihr)像 ein-类词一样变格,添加表示性/格的词尾。它们表示某物所属,并在性、数、格上与后接名词保持一致。
Possessive base + (e)s/e/r/n/m as required by noun
For example, with the masculine nominative: mein Bruder; accusative: meinen Bruder; dative: meinem Bruder. The genitive form adds -(e)s to the noun as well: meines Bruders.
例如,阳性主格:mein Bruder;宾格:meinen Bruder;与格:meinem Bruder。属格形式还会给名词加上 -(e)s:meines Bruders。
An important formula: possessive + adjective follows mixed declension. So mein alter Freund (nom.), meinen alten Freund (acc.).
重要公式:物主词 + 形容词遵循混合变格。因此 mein alter Freund(主格)、meinen alten Freund(宾格)。
6. Present Tense Conjugation | 动词现在时变位
Regular (weak) verbs form the present tense by adding the following endings to the stem, creating a simple conjugation formula. The stem is obtained by removing -en (or -n) from the infinitive.
规则(弱)动词通过在词干上添加下列词尾来构成现在时,形成一套简单的变位公式。词干通过移除不定式中的 -en(或 -n)获得。
Present Tense Endings: -e, -st, -t, -en, -t, -en
| Pronoun | Ending | Example: machen |
|---|---|---|
| ich | -e | mache |
| du | -st | machst |
| er/sie/es | -t | macht |
| wir | -en | machen |
| ihr | -t | macht |
| sie/Sie | -en | machen |
Stem-changing strong verbs alter the vowel in the du and er/sie/es forms. Common patterns: e → i (geben → du gibst), a → a (fahren → du fahrst), au → au (laufen → du laufst). Some add an umlaut: a → a (fallen → du fallst). Memorise these as a separate set of formulaic shifts.
干元音变化的强变化动词在 du 和 er/sie/es 形式中改变元音。常见模式:e → i(geben → du gibst),a → a(fahren → du fahrst),au → au(laufen → du laufst)。有些加上变音:a → a(fallen → du fallst)。把这些视为一组独立的公式化转换加以记忆。
7. Simple Past (Prateritum) and Perfect (Perfekt) | 过去时与完成时
German uses two main past tenses: the simple past (Prateritum) for narratives and formal writing, and the perfect (Perfekt) for conversational past events. Their formation follows clear formulas.
德语使用两种主要的过去时:简单过去时(Prateritum)用于叙事和正式书面语,完成时(Perfekt)用于口语中的过去事件。它们的构成遵循明确的公式。
Prateritum weak: stem + -te + personal endings (ich -te, du -test, etc.)
Example: machen → ich machte, du machtest, er machte, wir machten, ihr machtet, sie machten. Strong verbs undergo a vowel change and take irregular endings (e.g., gehen → ging, with endings – , -st, – , -en, -t, -en).
示例:machen → ich machte, du machtest, er machte, wir machten, ihr machtet, sie machten. 强变化动词发生元音变化,并使用不规则的词尾(例如 gehen → ging,词尾为 – 、 -st、 – 、 -en、 -t、 -en)。
Perfekt: haben/sein (present) + Partizip II
The participle II for weak verbs is ge- + stem + -t (e.g., ge-mach-t). For strong verbs it is ge- + changed stem + -en (e.g., ge-gang-en). Verbs with inseparable prefixes (be-, er-, ver-, zer-, ent-, emp-, miss-) do not add ge-. Separable prefixes bracket the participle: aufgemacht. The auxiliary sein is used for verbs of motion or change of state.
弱变化动词的第二分词为 ge- + 词干 + -t(例如 ge-mach-t)。强变化动词为 ge- + 变化词干 + -en(例如 ge-gang-en)。带不可分前缀(be-, er-, ver-, zer-, ent-, emp-, miss-)的动词不加 ge-。可分前缀将分词包围:aufgemacht。助动词 sein 用于移动或状态变化的动词。
8. Modal Verbs | 情态动词
Modal verbs (durfen, konnen, mogen, mussen, sollen, wollen) modify the meaning of a main verb and follow a unique conjugation pattern. In the present singular, they often change their stem vowel (except sollen) and take no ending for ich and er/sie/es.
情态动词(durfen, konnen, mogen, mussen, sollen, wollen)修饰主要动词的含义
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