📚 Pre-U CAIE Geography: Core Knowledge Consolidation | Pre-U CAIE 地理：核心知识点梳理
Mastering the Cambridge Pre-U Geography syllabus requires a firm grasp of both physical and human geography concepts along with the ability to apply geographical skills. This article distils the essential topics, from earth systems and geomorphic processes to population dynamics, development, and hazard management, presenting each key idea in a concise bilingual format to support revision.
掌握剑桥 Pre-U 地理课程需要牢固理解自然地理和人文地理概念，并能运用地理技能。本文将核心主题——从地球系统、地貌过程到人口动态、发展以及灾害管理——浓缩成精要的双语讲解，帮助复习备考。
1. Introduction to Physical Geography: Earth’s Systems | 自然地理导论：地球系统
The Earth functions as an integrated system comprising the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. An open system, such as a drainage basin, exchanges both energy and matter with its surroundings, whereas the global hydrological cycle is a closed system – energy enters and leaves, but matter does not.
地球是一个由大气圈、水圈、岩石圈和生物圈组成的综合系统。流域属于开放系统，与周围环境同时交换能量和物质；而全球水循环则是封闭系统——有能量进出，但几乎没有物质交换。
Feedback loops regulate system stability. Positive feedback amplifies change: melting ice reduces albedo, increasing absorption of solar radiation and further warming. Negative feedback counteracts change, for instance increased cloud cover reflecting more incoming sunlight.
反馈回路调节系统的稳定。正反馈放大变化：冰融化降低反照率，增加对太阳辐射的吸收，加剧变暖。负反馈抵消变化，例如云量增多反射更多入射阳光。
The global hydrological cycle involves stores (oceans, ice caps, groundwater) and fluxes (evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, runoff). The cycle is powered by solar energy and gravity.
全球水循环包括储存库（海洋、冰盖、地下水）和通量（蒸发、蒸腾、凝结、降水、径流），由太阳能和重力驱动。
2. Fluvial
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