Pre-U CAIE Psychology: Rapid Vocabulary Memorisation Guide | Pre-U CAIE 心理学：词汇术语速记指南

📚 Pre-U CAIE Psychology: Rapid Vocabulary Memorisation Guide | Pre-U CAIE 心理学：词汇术语速记指南

Building a precise psychological vocabulary is the bedrock of success in Pre-U CAIE Psychology. Without a confident grasp of terminology, arguments flounder and essays lose their analytical edge. This guide offers a structured, memory-friendly approach to mastering the key terms, blending definitions with effective memorisation techniques that transform dry lists into lasting knowledge.

构建精确的心理学词汇是 Pre-U CAIE 心理学成功的基础。若不能自信地掌握术语，论证就会失去力量，论文也会丧失分析优势。本指南提供了一种结构清晰、有助于记忆的方法来掌握核心术语，将枯燥的列表与有效的记忆技巧相结合，把干巴巴的词汇转化为持久的学识。

1. Memory and Learning | 记忆与学习术语

Encoding is the initial process of transforming sensory input into a format that the memory system can process and store. Visual, acoustic, and semantic encoding represent different depth levels, with semantic encoding yielding the most durable traces.

编码是将感觉输入转化为记忆系统能够处理和储存的格式的起始过程。视觉、听觉和语义编码代表了不同的加工深度，语义编码能产生最为持久的记忆痕迹。

Storage refers to maintaining encoded information over time. The multi-store model (Atkinson & Shiffrin) distinguishes sensory register, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM), each with different duration and capacity.

储存指随着时间的推移保持已编码的信息。多储存模型（Atkinson & Shiffrin）区分了感觉登记、短时记忆和长时记忆，每种记忆的时长和容量各不同。

Retrieval is the act of recovering stored material. Recognition is easier than recall because it provides retrieval cues. Context-dependent and state-dependent memory illustrate how cues overlapping with the encoding environment enhance retrieval.

提取是恢复已储存材料的行为。再认比回忆更容易，因为它提供了提取线索。情境依赖记忆和状态依赖记忆说明，与编码环境重叠的线索能促进提取。

Mnemonic technique: Remember ‘ERS’ (Encode, Retain, Search) to describe the flow. For levels of processing, think of the mnemonic ‘CCS’ (Craik & Tulving, Craik & Lockhart, Semantic strongest).

记忆技巧：记住’ERS’（编码、保留、搜索）来描述记忆流程。对于加工层次，可以联想’CCS’（Craik & Tulving, Craik & Lockhart，语义最强）。

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2. Cognitive Psychology Essentials | 认知心理学核心

Bottom-up processing is data-driven, beginning with sensory input and building up to a final perception. Top-down processing uses prior knowledge, expectations, and context to interpret sensory information.

自下而上加工是数据驱动的，从感觉输入开始，逐步构建出最终的知觉。自上而下加工则利用先验知识、预期和语境来解释感觉信息。

Schemas are mental frameworks that organise and interpret information. They can lead to biases in memory and perception but are essential for efficient cognitive processing.

图式是组织和解释信息的心理框架，它们可能导致记忆和知觉的偏差，但却是高效认知加工所不可或缺的。

The working memory model (Baddeley & Hitch) comprises the central executive, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and episodic buffer. This replaced the unitary STM concept with a multi-component system.

工作记忆模型（Baddeley & Hitch）包含中央执行器、语音回路、视空间画板和情景缓冲器。该模型以多成分系统取代了单一的短时记忆概念。

Selective attention refers to the ability to focus on specific stimuli while filtering out others. Broadbent’s filter model and Treisman’s attenuation model are classic explanations. Use the acronym ‘FAB’ (Filter, Attenuation, Bottleneck) to recall early selection theories.

选择性注意是指聚焦于特定刺激同时过滤掉其他刺激的能力。Broadbent 的过滤器模型和 Treisman 的衰减模型是经典解释。用首字母缩略词’FAB’（过滤器、衰减、瓶颈）来回忆早期选择理论。

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3. Social Influence and Attitudes | 社会影响与态度

Conformity is a change in behaviour or belief to align with a group norm. Compliance involves publicly agreeing but privately disagreeing, whereas internalisation means both public and private acceptance.

从众是为了与群体规范保持一致而改变行为或信念。顺从是指公开同意但私下不同意，而内化则意味着公开和私下的双重接纳。

Obedience to authority was dramatically demonstrated by Milgram. Factors affecting obedience include proximity of the victim, authority legitimacy, and the presence of disobedient peers.

对权威的服从通过 Milgram 的实验得到了惊人的展示。影响服从的因素包括受害者的近距离、权威的合法性以及抗命同伴的存在。

The tri-component model of attitudes suggests that attitudes consist of affective (feeling), behavioural (action tendency), and cognitive (belief) components. Remember ‘ABC’ for Affective, Behavioural, Cognitive.

态度的三成分模型认为态度由情感（感受）、行为（行动倾向）和认知（信念）成分组成。记住’ABC’：情感、行为、认知。

Cognitive dissonance theory (Festinger) states that inconsistency between attitudes and behaviours causes discomfort, motivating an individual to alter either the attitude or the behaviour to restore consistency.

认知失调理论（Festinger）指出，态度和行为之间的不一致会引发不适，促使个体改变态度或行为以恢复一致性。

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4. Developmental Psychology | 发展心理学速记

Attachment is a deep emotional bond between infant and caregiver. Ainsworth’s Strange Situation identified secure, insecure-avoidant, and insecure-resistant attachment styles.

依恋是婴儿与照料者之间深刻的情感纽带。Ainsworth 的陌生情境实验识别出安全型、不安全-回避型和不安全-反抗型依恋风格。

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development: sensorimotor (object permanence), preoperational (egocentrism, animism), concrete operational (conservation, reversibility), and formal operational (abstract reasoning). Think of ‘SPCF’ (Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete, Formal).

Piaget 的认知发展阶段：感知运动阶段（客体永存）、前运算阶段（自我中心、泛灵论）、具体运算阶段（守恒、可逆性）和形式运算阶段（抽象推理）。联想’SPCF’。

Vygotsky emphasised the role of social interaction and culture. The zone of proximal development (ZPD) is the gap between what a child can do alone and what they can achieve with guidance.

Vygotsky 强调社会互动和文化的作用。最近发展区（ZPD）是指儿童独立完成的任务水平与在指导下能达到的水平之间的差距。

Temperament refers to innate personality traits evident from infancy, such as activity level and emotional reactivity. Thomas and Chess classified infants as easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up.

气质是指自婴儿期起就显现的先天人格特质，如活动水平和情绪反应性。Thomas 和 Chess 将婴儿分为易养型、难养型和迟缓型。

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5. Individual Differences | 个体差异术语

Personality can be described using the Five-Factor Model (OCEAN): Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism. The ‘OCEAN’ mnemonic is widely used.

人格可以用五因素模型（OCEAN）来描述：开放性、尽责性、外向性、宜人性和神经质。’OCEAN’这个记忆缩略词被广泛使用。

Intelligence is a hypothetical construct. Spearman’s g factor represents general cognitive ability, while Gardner’s multiple intelligences propose eight distinct modalities including linguistic and spatial.

智力是一个假设性构念。Spearman 的 g 因素代表一般认知能力，而 Gardner 的多元智力理论则提出八种不同形式，包括语言和空间智力。

Self-efficacy (Bandura) is the belief in one’s ability to succeed in specific situations. It influences task choice, effort, and persistence, distinct from self-esteem which is global self-worth.

自我效能感（Bandura）是对自己在特定情境中成功能力的信念，它影响任务选择、努力程度和坚持性，不同于整体自我价值感的自尊。

Locus of control (Rotter) refers to whether individuals perceive outcomes as contingent on their own actions (internal) or on external forces such as luck (external).

心理控制源（Rotter）是指个体将结果视为取决于自身行动（内控）还是外部因素如运气（外控）的程度。

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6. Psychopathology | 心理病理学关键词

Abnormality is defined statistically (statistical infrequency), by deviation from social norms, by failure to function adequately, and by deviation from ideal mental health (Jahoda). Each criterion has strengths and limitations.

异常行为可以通过统计定义（统计罕见性）、偏离社会规范、功能失调和偏离理想心理健康（Jahoda）来界定。每种标准都有优点和局限性。

The DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual) provides standardised criteria for diagnosing mental disorders. It ensures reliability but has been criticised for cultural bias and over-pathologisation.

DSM（诊断与统计手册）为精神障碍的诊断提供了标准化的准则，确保了信度，但被批评存在文化偏见和过度病理化。

Major depressive disorder involves persistent low mood, anhedonia, and at least five symptoms lasting two weeks. Cognitive explanations include Beck’s negative triad (self, world, future).

重性抑郁障碍包括持续性的低落情绪、快感缺失，以及至少五种症状持续两周。认知解释包含 Beck 的负性认知三联征（自我、世界、未来）。

Phobias are characterised by excessive fear and avoidance. Behavioural explanations link them to classical conditioning and modelling, while cognitive accounts emphasise irrational beliefs. Systematic desensitisation is a common treatment.

恐惧症表现为过度的恐惧和回避。行为解释将其与经典条件反射和模仿联系起来，认知解释则强调非理性信念。系统脱敏是常用的治疗方法。

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7. Research Methods | 研究方法术语

An independent variable (IV) is manipulated by the researcher to observe its effect on the dependent variable (DV). A confounding variable is an uncontrolled factor that could distort the apparent relationship.

自变量（IV）由研究者操纵以观察其对因变量（DV）的影响。混淆变量是一个未被控制的因素，可能扭曲表面上的关系。

Internal validity concerns whether the IV truly caused the change in the DV, while external validity concerns the generalisability of findings beyond the study setting. Remember ‘In’ for cause, ‘Ex’ for extension.

内部效度关心的是自变量是否真正引起了因变量的变化，外部效度则关心研究结果在研究情境外的推广性。记住’内’指因果，’外’指推广。

Reliability refers to consistency: test-retest reliability yields similar scores over time; inter-rater reliability measures agreement between observers. Validity is about accuracy.

信度指的是稳定性：重测信度是不同时间得出相似分数；评分者间信度衡量观察者之间的一致性。效度则关乎准确性。

A correlation coefficient (r) ranges from -1 to +1. A positive correlation means high values on one variable associate with high values on another. Note that correlation does not imply causation.

相关系数（r）的范围从 -1 到 +1。正相关意味着一个变量的高值与另一个变量的高值相关联。需注意，相关并不能推出因果。

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8. Biological Psychology | 生物心理学词汇

Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that cross synapses. Serotonin is linked to mood regulation, dopamine to reward and movement, and acetylcholine to muscle action and memory.

神经递质是跨越突触的化学信使。血清素与情绪调节有关，多巴胺与奖赏和运动有关，乙酰胆碱与肌肉活动和记忆有关。

The limbic system structures include the amygdala (emotion processing, fear), hippocampus (memory formation), and hypothalamus (homeostasis, hormonal control). Picture ‘AHH’ (Amygdala, Hippocampus, Hypothalamus).

边缘系统结构包括杏仁核（情绪加工、恐惧）、海马体（记忆形成）和下丘脑（稳态、激素调控）。联想’AHH’。

Localisation of function means that specific brain areas govern specific behaviours. Broca’s area is associated with speech production, while Wernicke’s area is linked to language comprehension.

功能定位指特定脑区掌管特定的行为。布洛卡区与言语产出相关，而韦尼克区与语言理解相关。

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) measures brain activity via blood flow changes. It has high spatial resolution but poor temporal resolution compared to EEG. Brain plasticity refers to the brain’s ability to reorganise itself.

功能性磁共振成像（fMRI）通过血流变化测量脑活动，与脑电图相比，其空间分辨率高但时间分辨率差。大脑可塑性指大脑自我重组的能力。

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9. Learning Theories | 学习理论关键词

Classical conditioning (Pavlov) involves learning through association. Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) naturally elicits an unconditioned response (UCR); a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) after pairing.

经典条件反射（Pavlov）涉及通过联结进行学习。无条件刺激（UCS）自然地引发出无条件反应（UCR）；经过配对，中性刺激成为条件刺激（CS）。

Operant conditioning (Skinner) is learning through consequences. Positive reinforcement adds a pleasant stimulus to increase behaviour; negative reinforcement removes an aversive stimulus. Punishment decreases behaviour.

操作条件反射（Skinner）是通过后果进行学习。正强化增加愉快刺激来提高行为频率；负强化移除厌恶刺激。惩罚降低行为频率。

Social learning theory (Bandura) emphasises observational learning and modelling. The Bobo doll experiment showed that children imitate aggressive behaviour, especially when models are reinforced.

社会学习理论（Bandura）强调观察学习和模仿。波波玩偶实验表明儿童会模仿攻击行为，尤其是当榜样受到强化时。

Reinforcement schedules: fixed-ratio (after a set number of responses) yields high response rate; variable-ratio (after an unpredictable number) is most resistant to extinction. Variable-interval produces steady responses.

强化程式：固定比率（完成一定次数反应后强化）产生高反应率；可变比率（不可预测的次数后强化）对消退的抵抗力最强。可变间隔产生稳定的反应率。

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10. Quick Revision Strategies | 快速复习策略

Spaced repetition involves reviewing material at increasing intervals to consolidate long-term memory. Flashcards and apps like Anki implement this principle, countering the forgetting curve (Ebbinghaus).

间隔重复是指以逐渐增加的间隔复习材料以巩固长时记忆。抽认卡和 Anki 等应用执行这一原则，对抗遗忘曲线（Ebbinghaus）。

The testing effect demonstrates that actively retrieving information (self-quizzing) strengthens memory more than passive rereading. Use ‘retrieval practice’ as your core study habit.

测试效应表明，主动提取信息（自我测验）比被动重读更能加强记忆。把’提取练习’作为你的核心学习习惯。

Dual coding combines verbal and visual materials. Creating mind maps linking terms to images leverages both the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad, deepening encoding.

双重编码结合了言语和视觉材料。创建将术语与图像联系起来的思维导图调动了语音回路和视空间画板，深化了编码。

Interleaving mixes different topics during study sessions rather than blocking. This forces the brain to discriminate between concepts and improves conceptual understanding.

交替练习在学习过程中混合不同的主题，而不是一次只聚焦一个。这会迫使大脑区分概念，提升对概念的理解。

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