Pre-U Cambridge Spanish: Grammar Quick Reference Guide | Pre-U Cambridge 西班牙语：语法速查手册

📚 Pre-U Cambridge Spanish: Grammar Quick Reference Guide | Pre-U Cambridge 西班牙语：语法速查手册

This quick reference guide consolidates the essential grammatical structures required for the Cambridge Pre-U Spanish examination. It covers the rules governing nouns, articles, adjectives, verbs in all major moods and tenses, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, and key syntactic patterns. Each section provides a concise explanation followed by examples that reflect the standard expected at Pre-U level.

本速查手册汇总了 Cambridge Pre-U 西班牙语考试所需的核心语法结构。内容涵盖名词、冠词、形容词、主要语式和时态下的动词变位、代词、前置词、连词以及关键句法模式。每个小节先给出简明讲解，再配以符合 Pre-U 标准的示例。

1. Nouns and Articles | 名词与冠词

Spanish nouns have gender (masculine or feminine) and number (singular or plural). Most nouns ending in -o are masculine, while those ending in -a are feminine, but there are many exceptions (e.g. ‘el dia’ – day, ‘la mano’ – hand). The definite articles are ‘el’, ‘la’, ‘los’, ‘las’; the indefinite articles are ‘un’, ‘una’, ‘unos’, ‘unas’. The neuter article ‘lo’ is used with adjectives or participles to express abstract ideas (e.g. ‘lo bueno’ – the good thing).

西班牙语名词有性（阳性和阴性）和数（单数和复数）。以 -o 结尾的名词多为阳性，以 -a 结尾的多为阴性，但也有不少例外（如 ‘el dia’ 白天、’la mano’ 手）。定冠词为 el, la, los, las；不定冠词为 un, una, unos, unas。中性冠词 lo 与形容词或分词连用，表示抽象概念（如 ‘lo bueno’ 好的一面）。

2. Adjectives | 形容词

Adjectives agree in gender and number with the noun they modify. Most adjectives ending in -o change to -a for the feminine, and add -s for the plural (e.g. ‘un libro rojo’ – a red book, ‘una casa roja’ – a red house). Adjectives of quantity, such as ‘mucho’, ‘poco’, ‘bastante’, usually precede the noun. Adjectives that express an inherent quality or subjective view often precede the noun (e.g. ‘una buena idea’), while those that distinguish or define usually follow (e.g. ‘un coche aleman’).

形容词需与所修饰的名词在性和数上保持一致。以 -o 结尾的形容词变阴性时改 -o 为 -a，复数加 -s（如 ‘un libro rojo’ 一本红色的书，’una casa roja’ 一座红色的房子）。表示数量概念的形容词，如 mucho、poco、bastante 通常置于名词之前。表达固有性质或主观评价的形容词常放在名词前面（如 ‘una buena idea’），而起限定、区别作用的形容词多居名词之后（如 ‘un coche aleman’ 一辆德国汽车）。

3. Ser and Estar | Ser 与 Estar

The two verbs ‘to be’ – ‘ser’ and ‘estar’ – are distinguished by their use. ‘Ser’ indicates permanent characteristics, identity, origin, time, and impersonal expressions (e.g. ‘Ella es alta’ – She is tall; ‘Son las tres’ – It is three o’clock). ‘Estar’ expresses temporary states, location, conditions, and the progressive form (e.g. ‘Estoy cansado’ – I am tired; ‘Madrid esta en Espana’ – Madrid is in Spain). Some adjectives change meaning depending on which verb is used: ‘ser listo’ (to be clever) vs. ‘estar listo’ (to be ready).

两个表示 “是、在” 的动词 ser 和 estar 用法有别。ser 表示永久特征、身份、来历、时间以及无人称句（如 ‘Ella es alta’ 她个子高；’Son las tres’ 现在是三点钟）。estar 表示暂时状态、位置、状况以及进行时态（如 ‘Estoy cansado’ 我累了；’Madrid esta en Espana’ 马德里在西班牙）。部分形容词因所用动词不同而含义发生变化：’ser listo’（聪明）对 ‘estar listo’（准备好了）。

4. Present Tense | 现在时

The present indicative is formed by adding the appropriate endings to the stem of the infinitive. For -ar verbs: -o, -as, -a, -amos, -ais, -an. For -er verbs: -o, -es, -e, -emos, -eis, -en. For -ir verbs: -o, -es, -e, -imos, -is, -en. Stem-changing verbs (e.g. ‘pensar’ > ‘pienso’, ‘volver’ > ‘vuelvo’, ‘pedir’ > ‘pido’) must be memorised. Irregular verbs such as ‘ir’, ‘tener’, ‘hacer’, ‘decir’ have unique stems.

现在时陈述式由动词词干加词尾构成。-ar 动词词尾：-o, -as, -a, -amos, -ais, -an。-er 动词：-o, -es, -e, -emos, -eis, -en。-ir 动词：-o, -es, -e, -imos, -is, -en。词干元音变换的动词（如 pensar > pienso，volver > vuelvo，pedir > pido）需要单独记忆。ir、tener、hacer、decir 等不规则动词词干特殊。

5. Preterite and Imperfect | 简单过去时与过去未完成时

The preterite (preterito indefinido) expresses completed past actions. Regular -ar endings: -e, -aste, -o, -amos, -asteis, -aron. -er/-ir endings: -i, -iste, -io, -imos, -isteis, -ieron. Many common verbs are irregular, including ‘tener’ (tuve), ‘estar’ (estuve), and ‘hacer’ (hice). The imperfect (preterito imperfecto) describes habitual actions, ongoing states, and background information. -ar endings: -aba, -abas, -aba, -abamos, -abais, -aban. -er/-ir endings: -ia, -ias, -ia, -iamos, -iais, -ian. Only three verbs are irregular in the imperfect: ‘ir’ (iba), ‘ser’ (era), ‘ver’ (veia).

简单过去时（preterito indefinido）表示完成的过去动作。规则 -ar 词尾：-e, -aste, -o, -amos, -asteis, -aron。-er/-ir 词尾：-i, -iste, -io, -imos, -isteis, -ieron。许多常用动词不规则，如 tener（tuve）、estar（estuve）、hacer（hice）。过去未完成时（preterito imperfecto）描述习惯性动作、持续状态和背景信息。-ar 词尾：-aba, -abas, -aba, -abamos, -abais, -aban。-er/-ir 词尾：-ia, -ias, -ia, -iamos, -iais, -ian。未完成时只有三个不规则动词：ir（iba）、ser（era）、ver（veia）。

6. Future and Conditional | 将来时与条件式

The future tense is formed by adding the endings -e, -as, -a, -emos, -eis, -an to the infinitive of regular verbs. The same irregular stems that appear in the conditional also apply: ‘tener’ > ‘tendre’, ‘salir’ > ‘saldre’, ‘decir’ > ‘dire’, ‘hacer’ > ‘hare’, ‘poder’ > ‘podre’, ‘saber’ > ‘sabre’, ‘querer’ > ‘querre’, ‘poner’ > ‘pondre’, ‘venir’ > ‘vendre’, ‘haber’ > ‘habre’. The conditional uses the endings -ia, -ias, -ia, -iamos, -iais, -ian added to the same irregular stems. The conditional often conveys politeness or hypothetical situations.

将来时由动词不定式直接加词尾 -e, -as, -a, -emos, -eis, -an 构成。规则动词如此，但有一组共同的不规则词干同时用于将来时和条件式：tener > tendre、salir > saldre、decir > dire、hacer > hare、poder > podre、saber > sabre、querer > querre、poner > pondre、venir > vendre、haber > habre。条件式词尾为 -ia, -ias, -ia, -iamos, -iais, -ian，同样加在这些不规则词干上。条件式常表达委婉或假设情况。

7. Present Subjunctive | 现在虚拟式

The present subjunctive is formed by taking the first person singular (yo) of the present indicative, dropping the -o, and adding the opposite vowel endings: -ar verbs take -e, -es, -e, -emos, -eis, -en; -er/-ir verbs take -a, -as, -a, -amos, -ais, -an. Stem-changing -ir verbs also undergo a stem change in the nosotros and vosotros forms (e.g. ‘dormir’ > ‘durmamos’). Spelling changes occur to maintain pronunciation (e.g. ‘sacar’ > ‘saque’, ‘llegar’ > ‘llegue’, ’empezar’ > ’empiece’). It is used in subordinate clauses to express doubt, desire, emotion, and after certain conjunctions.

现在虚拟式由陈述式现在时第一人称单数（yo）去掉 -o，再加相反词尾构成：-ar 动词加 -e, -es, -e, -emos, -eis, -en；-er/-ir 动词加 -a, -as, -a, -amos, -ais, -an。词干变音的 -ir 动词在 nosotros 和 vosotros 形式中也发生词干变化（如 dormir > durmamos）。为保持发音一致会发生拼写变化（如 sacar > saque、llegar > llegue、empezar > empiece）。用于从句中表示怀疑、愿望、情感以及在某些连词之后。

8. Imperfect and Pluperfect Subjunctive | 过去虚拟式与过去完成虚拟式

The imperfect subjunctive has two sets of endings, both acceptable: -ra series (-ra, -ras, -ra, -ramos, -rais, -ran) and -se series (-se, -ses, -se, -semos, -seis, -sen). It is built on the third person plural of the preterite (e.g. ‘hablar’ > hablaron > hablara/hablase). It is used in the same contexts as the present subjunctive but when the main clause is in a past tense. The pluperfect subjunctive combines the imperfect subjunctive of ‘haber’ (hubiera/hubiese) with the past participle, expressing an action prior to another past action.

过去虚拟式有两套词尾，均可使用：-ra 系列（-ra, -ras, -ra, -ramos, -rais, -ran）和 -se 系列（-se, -ses, -se, -semos, -seis, -sen）。其词干取自简单过去时第三人称复数（如 hablar > hablaron > hablara/hablase）。用法与现在虚拟式相同，但主句为过去时态时使用。过去完成虚拟式由 haber 的过去虚拟式（hubiera/hubiese）加上过去分词构成，表示发生在另一个过去动作之前的动作。

9. Imperative Mood | 命令式

Affirmative commands for ‘tu’ take the third person singular of the present indicative (e.g. ‘jala!’ – speak!). For ‘vosotros’, the infinitive final -r is replaced by -d (e.g. ‘hablad’). ‘Usted’ and ‘ustedes’ forms use the present subjunctive (e.g. ‘hable’, ‘hablen’). Negative commands always use the present subjunctive: ‘no hables’, ‘no hable’, ‘no hablemos’, ‘no hableis’, ‘no hablen’. Object pronouns are attached to the end of affirmative commands (e.g. ‘dimelo’) but precede negative commands (e.g. ‘no me lo digas’).

肯定命令式中，“tu” 用陈述式现在时第三人称单数（如 ‘jala!’ 请你说话！）。“vosotros” 将动词不定式词尾 -r 换成 -d（如 ‘hablad’）。“usted” 和 “ustedes” 用现在虚拟式形式（如 ‘hable’、’hablen’）。否定命令式全部使用现在虚拟式：’no hables’、’no hable’、’no hablemos’、’no hableis’、’no hablen’。宾语代词在肯定命令式中附着于动词之后（如 ‘dimelo’），在否定命令式中则放在动词之前（如 ‘no me lo digas’）。

10. Pronouns | 代词

Subject pronouns (yo, tu, el/ella/usted, nosotros, vosotros, ellos/ellas/ustedes) are often omitted except for emphasis or contrast. Direct object pronouns (me, te, lo/la, nos, os, los/las) and indirect object pronouns (me, te, le, nos, os, les) precede conjugated verbs. When both appear, the indirect precedes the direct; ‘le’ and ‘les’ change to ‘se’ before another third-person pronoun (e.g. ‘Se lo di’ – I gave it to him). Prepositional pronouns follow prepositions: ‘mi’, ‘ti’, ‘el/ella/usted’, ‘nosotros’, ‘vosotros’, ‘ellos/ellas/ustedes’; with ‘con’, special forms ‘conmigo’, ‘contigo’ are used.

主语代词（yo, tu, el/ella/usted, nosotros, vosotros, ellos/ellas/ustedes）常被省略，除非需要强调或对比。直接宾语代词（me, te, lo/la, nos, os, los/las）和间接宾语代词（me, te, le, nos, os, les）置于变位动词之前。两者同时出现时，间接宾语在前，直接宾语在后；当 le 或 les 与另一个第三人称代词相连时，须变为 se（如 ‘Se lo di’ 我把它给了他）。前置词代词用于前置词之后：mi, ti, el/ella/usted, nosotros, vosotros, ellos/ellas/ustedes；与 con 连用时，有特殊形式 conmigo、contigo。

Published by TutorHao | Spanish Revision Series | aleveler.com

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