📚 Pre-U CCEA Sociology: Vocabulary Quick-Memorisation Guide | Pre-U CCEA 社会学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the language of sociology is essential for Pre-U CCEA success. This guide presents core terms grouped by topic, each paired with clear definitions and clever mnemonics to lock them into your memory. Read through the bilingual explanations and use the memory hooks to build a solid conceptual toolkit for essays and exams.
掌握社会学的语言是 Pre-U CCEA 考试成功的关键。本指南按主题分组呈现核心术语，每个术语都配有清晰的英文定义和巧妙的中文记忆技巧。通读中英双语解释，利用记忆钩子，为论文和考试构建坚实的概念工具箱。
1. Socialisation Process | 社会化过程
Primary socialisation refers to the earliest social learning, occurring within the family during infancy. Mnemonic: ‘Primary starts in the Privileged space of the family’. This stage shapes basic norms, values and language, establishing the child’s first sense of self.
初级社会化 指最早期的社会学习，发生在婴幼儿期的家庭中。记忆口诀：’初级始于家庭的专属空间’。这一阶段塑造基本的规范、价值观和语言，建立儿童最初的自我意识。
Secondary socialisation is the later learning that takes place through institutions such as schools, peer groups, media and workplaces. Think ‘Secondary = Society beyond family’ to recall its broader source. It internalises the more specialised norms needed for adult roles.
次级社会化 是后来通过学校、同伴群体、媒体和职场等制度发生的学习。可记作’次级 = 家庭之外的社会’，以联想起更广泛的来源。它内化了成年人角色所需的更专门化的规范。
Re-socialisation involves unlearning old behaviours and adopting new ones in a total institution or radical life change. Link it with ‘Re-start’ – the individual begins again under strict control, like in military boot camps. It highlights the plasticity of the self.
再社会化 指在全面控制机构或剧烈生活转变中抛弃旧行为、习得新行为。与’重新开始’挂钩——个体在严格管控下从头开始，如新兵训练营。它突显了自我的可塑性。
2. Culture, Norms and Values | 文化、规范与价值观
Norms are unwritten rules that guide everyday behaviour. Recall ‘Norms = Normal expectations’. They are context-dependent: a norm in one culture, like maintaining eye contact, may be a norm violation elsewhere.
规范 是指导日常行为的不成文规则。记作’规范 = 通常的期望’。它们依赖情境：一种文化中的规范，如保持目光接触，在另一种文化中可能违反规范。
Values are deeply held beliefs about what is desirable and worthwhile. Use ‘Values = Valuable beliefs’ to keep them distinct from norms. Values provide the moral backbone of a culture, such as respect for elders or achievement.
价值观 是关于什么是可取、有价值的事物的根深蒂固信念。用’价值观 = 宝贵信念’以区别于规范。价值观为文化提供道德支柱，如尊重长辈或崇尚成就。
Cultural relativism means evaluating a culture by its own standards rather than judging it through the lens of another culture. Think ‘Relativism = Respect local logic’. It counters ethnocentrism and promotes understanding in a globalised world.
文化相对主义 指按照一种文化自身的标准来评价它，而非透过其他文化的滤镜去评判。可记作’相对主义 = 尊重当地逻辑’。它反对民族中心主义，在全球化世界中促进理解。
3. Social Identity | 社会身份
Ascribed status is a social position fixed at birth or assigned involuntarily. Mnemonic: ‘Ascribed = Already stamped at birth’ – race, biological sex, and aristocracy are classic examples. It contrasts with achieved status gained by effort.
先赋地位 是出生便固定或非自愿获得的社会位置。记忆法：’先赋 = 出生即盖戳’——种族、生理性别和贵族身份是典型例子。它与通过努力获得的自致地位相对。
Role conflict arises when the demands of two or more statuses clash. Recall ‘Role Conflict = Roles Collide’. For instance, a parent who is also a manager may face tension between family time and work overtime.
角色冲突 在两个或多个地位的要求相互冲突时出现。记住’角色冲突 = 角色碰撞’。例如，身为父母的经理可能面临家庭时间与加班的紧张。
Master status dominates how a person is perceived in society, eclipsing other statuses. Think ‘Master = Main label’. It can be positive or negative: a celebrity’s fame or a criminal’s conviction can become their defining characteristic.
首要地位 指支配他人在社会中如何看待某人的地位，掩盖其他地位。可记作’首要 = 主要标签’。它可正面可负面：名人的声望或罪犯的定罪都可能成为其决定性特征。
4. Social Class and Stratification | 社会阶级与分层
Social stratification is the systematic ranking of groups in a hierarchy of inequality. Use ‘Stratification = Stacked layers’ to visualise a pyramid. It persists across generations through the interplay of wealth, power and prestige.
社会分层 是将群体按不平等层级系统化排序。用’分层 = 堆积的层’来想象金字塔。它通过财富、权力和声望的相互作用代代延续。
Life chances, a term introduced by Max Weber, refers to the opportunities individuals have to access valued resources. Mnemonic: ‘Life Chances = Ladder of chances’. They are unequally distributed and shaped by class, gender and ethnicity.
生活机会，由马克斯·韦伯提出的术语，指个人获取有价值资源的机会。记忆：’生活机会 = 机会阶梯’。它们分布不均，并受阶级、性别和种族塑造。
Meritocracy is a system where rewards and positions are allocated based on ability and effort. Connect ‘Merit = you merit it’ to the idea that talent plus hard work brings success. CCEA requires you to evaluate how far contemporary society is truly meritocratic.
贤能主义 是一种基于能力和努力分配奖励与职位的制度。将’贤能 = 你配得上’与才华加勤奋带来成功的观念联系起来。CCEA 要求你评估当代社会在多大程度上真正实现了贤能主义。
5. Research Methods Essentials | 研究方法精要
Validity indicates whether a research method measures what it claims to measure. Think ‘Validity = Value truth’ – a truthful, authentic picture of social reality. In-depth interviews often score higher on validity than closed questionnaires.
效度 指研究方法是否测量了其声称要测量的内容。记作’效度 = 验证真实’——一幅社会现实的真实、可靠的图景。深度访谈通常在效度上比封闭式问卷得分更高。
Reliability refers to the consistency and replicability of findings. Use the rhyme ‘Reliability = Repeatability’. If another researcher follows the same procedure and gets similar results, the method is reliable.
信度 指研究结果的一致性和可重复性。用韵句’信度 = 可信重复度’。如果另一位研究者遵循相同步骤并得出相似结果，该方法就是可信的。
Operationalisation is the process of converting abstract concepts into measurable variables. Mnemonic: ‘Operationalise = Make it operable’. For example, turning ‘social class’ into occupational scales or income brackets allows empirical testing.
操作化 是将抽象概念转化为可测量变量的过程。记忆：’操作化 = 使其可操作’。例如，把’社会阶级’转化为职业量表或收入区间，便可进行实证检验。
6. Deviance, Crime and Control | 越轨、犯罪与控制
Deviance is any behaviour that violates social norms, whether or not it breaks the law. Remember ‘Deviance = Departing from the dominant norm’. It encompasses both minor acts like wearing unusual clothes and serious criminal offences.
越轨 指任何违反社会规范的行为，无论是否违法。记住’越轨 = 偏离主流规范’。它范围甚广，从穿着奇装异服到严重刑事犯罪都包括在内。
Anomie, coined by Durkheim, describes a state of normlessness where society fails to regulate individual desires. Associate ‘Anomie = A normalomie missing’ – a gap in moral guidance. It often surges during rapid social change or economic crises.
失范，由涂尔干创造，描述社会无法调节个体欲望的无规范状态。关联’失范 = 缺失正常规范’——道德指引的空白。在急剧社会变迁或经济危机期间，失范往往激增。
Self-fulfilling prophecy is a prediction that directly or indirectly causes itself to become true. Link it with ‘Self-fulfilling = Self-making fact’. In labelling theory, a pupil predicted to fail may internalise that label and underperform, confirming the prophecy.
自证预言 是直接或间接导致自身成真的预测。与’自证 = 自造事实’相连。在标签理论中，一个被预判失败的学生可能内化该标签并表现不佳，进而证实预言。
7. Families and Households | 家庭与家户
Nuclear family consists of two generations: parents and their dependent children living together. The visual mnemonic ‘Nuclear = Nucleus (core)’ helps: it is often presented as the traditional core unit. Evaluate its decline and the rise of family diversity for CCEA essays.
核心家庭 由两代人组成：父母及其受抚养子女共同居住。形象记忆’核心 = 细胞核’有所帮助：它常被描绘为传统核心单位。在 CCEA 论文中要评估其衰落与家庭多样性的兴起。
Symmetrical family, described by Young and Willmott, refers to a family form where gender roles become more equal and mirror each other. Picture ‘Symmetrical = Mirror symmetry’. Conjugal roles are increasingly shared, and household tasks are more evenly distributed.
对称家庭，由杨和威尔莫特描述，指性别角色变得更为平等、互相映照的家庭形态。想象’对称 = 镜像对称’。夫妻角色越来越多地共享，家务劳动分配更为均衡。
Patriarchy is a system of male dominance over women in both private and public spheres. Use ‘Patriarchy = Father-ruled hierarchy’ to decode the term. Feminist sociologists see it as a fundamental structure causing gender inequality in families.
父权制 是男性在私人领域和公共领域支配女性的体系。用’父权制 = 父系统治的等级制’来解析术语。女性主义社会学家视其为造成家庭中性别不平等的根本结构。
8. Education and Attainment | 教育与成就
Cultural capital (Bourdieu) is the knowledge, attitudes and tastes that give middle-class children an advantage in education. Think ‘Cultural Capital = Cultural cash’. It can be converted into educational success, much like economic capital.
文化资本（布迪厄）指为中间阶层儿童在教育中带来优势的知识、态度和品味。记作’文化资本 = 文化现金’。它可转化为教育成功，一如经济资本。
Hidden curriculum refers to the informal lessons of punctuality, obedience and conformity taught alongside the formal syllabus. Link ‘Hidden = Below the surface’ – it prepares students for the hierarchical world of work without overt instruction.
隐性课程 指与正式教学大纲并行的守时、服从和顺从等非正式课程。联系’隐性 = 潜在地下’——它在没有明示教导的情况下让学生为等级化的工作世界做好准备。
Material deprivation is the lack of physical resources like income, housing and learning materials that hinders educational performance. Mnemonic: ‘Material deprivation = Missing materials’. It’s a key external factor explaining the working-class underachievement.
物质剥夺 是缺乏收入、住房和学习材料等物质资源，阻碍教育表现。记忆：’物质剥夺 = 缺少物质’。它是解释工人阶级成绩落后的关键外部因素。
9. Power and Political Systems | 权力与政治体系
Hegemony (Gramsci) is a form of ideological dominance where the ruling class manipulates culture so that its worldview becomes the accepted norm. Associate ‘Hegemony = A hegemony of ideas’. The masses consent to their own subordination because they see the existing order as natural.
霸权（葛兰西）是一种意识形态主导形式，统治阶级操纵文化，使其世界观成为被接受的规范。关联’霸权 = 思想的霸权’。大众同意自己的从属地位，因为他们将现存秩序视为自然天成。
Legitimate authority, in Weber’s typology, is power accepted as rightful by those subjected to it. Use ‘Legitimate = Legal + legitimate consent’ to recall its grounding in agreed rules. Authority can be legal-rational, traditional or charismatic.
合法权威，在韦伯的类型学中，是被支配者视为正当而接受的权力。用’合法 = 法律 + 正当认可’来记起它基于协定规则。权威可以是法理型、传统型或魅力型。
Pluralism is the theory that political power is spread among many competing interest groups, preventing any single elite from dominating. Picture ‘Pluralism = Plural voices’. CCEA expects you to contrast it with Marxist and elite theories of power.
多元主义 是认为政治权力分散于许多相互竞争的利益群体之间、防止任何单一精英主宰的理论。想象’多元 = 多种声音’。CCEA 期望你将其与马克思主义及精英权力理论进行对比。
10. Religion, Belief and Society | 宗教、信仰与社会
Collective conscience (Durkheim) is the shared beliefs and moral attitudes that unify a society. Remember ‘Collective conscience = Common moral compass’. Religion reinforces this by bringing individuals together in rituals, strengthening social solidarity.
集体良知（涂尔干）是统一社会的共同信仰与道德态度。记住’集体良知 = 共同道德罗盘’。宗教通过仪式将个体聚集起来，加强社会团结，从而强化集体良知。
Secularisation is the process by which religion loses its social significance. Use ‘Secular = Slipping from the sacred’ as a memory hook. Key indicators include declining church attendance, the disengagement of religion from public institutions, and the privatisation of belief.
世俗化 是宗教丧失其社会重要性的过程。用’世俗 = 从神圣滑落’作为记忆钩子。关键指标包括教会出席率下降、宗教脱离公共机构以及信仰的私人化。
Religious market theory suggests that pluralism and competition stimulate religious participation, rather than killing it. Link ‘Market = Supply creates demand’. Where strict regulations are lifted, religious ‘firms’ must innovate, attracting more believers.
宗教市场理论 认为多元主义与竞争非但没有消灭宗教参与，反而刺激了它。关联’市场 = 供给创造需求’。在严苛管制解除之处，宗教’企业’必须创新，吸引更多信徒。
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