📚 Pre-U OCR Geography: A Rapid Recall Guide to Key Terminology | Pre-U OCR 地理：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering geographical terminology is essential for success in Pre-U OCR Geography. This guide presents key terms grouped by major syllabus themes, with clear definitions and memory hooks to help you internalise them quickly. Each entry provides an English explanation immediately followed by a Chinese translation, ensuring you can think bilingually about core concepts. Use this as your go-to revision companion.
掌握地理学术语是 Pre-U OCR 地理取得好成绩的关键。本指南按主要课程主题分组，给出关键术语的清晰定义和记忆技巧，帮助你快速内化。每个条目先提供英文解释，紧接着提供中文翻译，确保你能用中英双语思考核心概念。把它当作你复习的首选伴侣。
1. Tectonic Hazards | 构造灾害
The asthenosphere is the ductile, semi-molten layer of the upper mantle on which the rigid lithospheric plates move. Think ‘asthenos’ = weak; it is the weak layer that allows plate motion.
软流圈是上地幔中柔软、半熔融的层，刚性的岩石圈板块在其上运动。记住“asthenos”=软弱；正是这个软弱层使得板块得以移动。
Isostasy describes the gravitational equilibrium between the Earth’s crust and the mantle, where the crust ‘floats’ at a level determined by its thickness and density. Like an iceberg, a thicker continental root sinks deeper but also rises higher.
地壳均衡指地壳与地幔之间的重力平衡状态，地壳依据其厚度和密度“漂浮”在特定高度。就像冰山一样，较厚的大陆根部沉得更深但也升得更高。
A pyroclastic flow (nuée ardente) is a fast-moving current of hot gas, ash and rock fragments ejected during an explosive volcanic eruption. Memory tip: ‘pyro’ = fire, ‘clastic’ = broken pieces; a fiery avalanche of broken debris.
火山碎屑流（炽热火山云）是爆炸性火山喷发时喷出的快速移动的热气、火山灰和岩石碎片流。记忆技巧：“pyro”=火，“clastic”=碎片；一场由燃烧碎片组成的雪崩。
2. Coastal Landforms | 海岸地貌
A wave-cut platform (abrasion platform) is a gently sloping rock surface exposed at low tide at the base of a retreating cliff, formed by wave undercutting and repeated collapse. The platform is the remnant of the cliff’s former position.
海蚀平台（波浪切割平台）是后退悬崖底部在低潮时出露的缓倾斜岩面，由波浪掏蚀和反复崩塌形成。平台是悬崖原位的残余。
Longshore drift is the process by which sediment is transported along a coastline by waves approaching at an oblique angle. Swash carries material up the beach at an angle, while backwash returns it straight down the slope, creating a zigzag movement.
沿岸流搬运是波浪以斜角接近海岸时，沉积物沿海岸搬运的过程。冲流以一定角度将物质推上海滩，回流则沿坡面垂直带回，形成之字形运动。
A tombolo is a depositional landform where a sand or shingle bar connects an island to the mainland or to another island. Think ‘tombo’ = mound; a ‘tie bar’ linking landmasses.
连岛沙洲是一种沉积地貌，由沙或砾石坝将岛屿与大陆或另一岛屿连接起来。想象“tombo”=土墩；一个连接陆地的“系杆”。
3. Hydrological Cycle & Rivers | 水循环与河流
Infiltration capacity is the maximum rate at which soil can absorb rainfall. When rainfall intensity exceeds this, overland flow (Hortonian flow) occurs. Remember: infiltration = into the soil.
下渗容量是土壤吸收降水的最大速率。当降水强度超过此值时，就会发生地表径流（霍顿流）。记住：“infiltration”=渗入土壤。
A recurrence interval (return period) is the average time between events of a given magnitude, such as a flood of a certain discharge. A 1-in-100-year flood has a 1% probability of occurring in any year, not precisely every 100 years.
重现期（回归期）是给定强度事件（例如某流量的洪水）之间的平均间隔时间。百年一遇洪水意味着任何一年发生概率为 1%，而不是正好每 100 年一次。
Helicoidal flow is the cork-screw-like motion of water in a meander bend, responsible for eroding the outer bank and depositing on the inner bank. It combines downstream and cross-stream components of velocity.
螺旋流是曲流弯道中如水钻般的螺旋状运动，它侵蚀凹岸，在凸岸沉积。它结合了下游和横向速度分量。
4. Atmospheric Processes & Weather | 大气过程与天气
The environmental lapse rate (ELR) is the actual decrease in air temperature with height at a given place and time, averaging about 6.5 °C per km. The difference between ELR and the adiabatic lapse rates determines atmospheric stability.
环境气温直减率 (ELR) 是在特定地点和时间气温随高度实际下降的速率，平均约为每公里 6.5 °C。ELR 与绝热直减率的差异决定了大气稳定度。
Latent heat is the energy absorbed or released when water changes phase. Condensation releases latent heat, which warms the surrounding air and powers storm development. ‘Latent’ means hidden; the heat is stored in water vapour.
潜热是水相变时吸收或释放的能量。凝结释放潜热，加热周围空气并驱动风暴发展。“Latent”意隐藏；热量储存在水汽中。
A jet stream is a narrow band of fast-moving air in the upper troposphere, typically located at the polar front. It steers mid-latitude depressions and influences surface weather patterns.
急流是对流层上层一条狭窄的高速气流带，通常位于极锋。它引导中纬度气旋，影响地面天气格局。
5. Climate Change | 气候变化
Milankovitch cycles describe long-term variations in Earth’s orbit and axial tilt: eccentricity (shape), obliquity (tilt), and precession (wobble). These alter the distribution of solar radiation and trigger glacial–interglacial cycles.
米兰科维奇循环描述地球轨道和地轴倾角的长期变化：偏心率（形状）、倾角（倾斜）和岁差（摆动）。这些变化改变太阳辐射分布，触发冰期-间冰期循环。
The enhanced greenhouse effect refers to the additional warming caused by increased concentrations of greenhouse gases from human activities, such as CO₂ and CH₄, beyond the natural greenhouse effect.
增强温室效应指由于人类活动增加的温室气体（如 CO₂ 和 CH₄）浓度，超越自然温室效应而引起的额外增温。
Albedo is the reflectivity of a surface. Fresh snow has a high albedo (~0.9), reflecting most sunlight, while dark ocean water has a low albedo (~0.1). Ice–albedo feedback amplifies warming.
反照率是表面的反射率。新雪反照率高（约 0.9），反射大部分阳光；深色海水反照率低（约 0.1）。冰-反照率反馈会放大变暖。
6. Population Dynamics | 人口动态
The demographic transition model (DTM) describes the shift from high birth and death rates to low ones as a country develops, passing through five stages. Its limitation is that it assumes a European trajectory and ignores migration.
人口转变模型 (DTM) 描述一国随着发展从高出生率、高死亡率向低出生率、低死亡率转变，经历五个阶段。其局限是假设欧洲式路径并忽视迁移。
Dependency ratio is the proportion of the non-working-age population (0–14 and 65+) relative to the working-age population (15–64). A high ratio indicates a greater economic burden on the productive sector.
抚养比是非劳动年龄人口（0–14 岁和 65 岁以上）与劳动年龄人口（15–64 岁）之比。高抚养比意味着生产部门承受更大的经济负担。
Total fertility rate (TFR) is the average number of children a woman would have during her reproductive years, given current age-specific fertility rates. A TFR of about 2.1 is needed for replacement level in developed countries.
总和生育率 (TFR) 是按当前年龄别生育率计算，一名妇女一生平均生育的子女数。发达国家需要约 2.1 的总和生育率才能达到更替水平。
7. Migration | 迁移
Lee’s migration model formulates push factors (negative conditions at origin), pull factors (positive conditions at destination), and intervening obstacles that affect migration decision-making. It highlights that migrants are not homogeneous.
李的迁移模型将推力因素（原籍地的负面条件）、拉力因素（目的地的正面条件）以及中间障碍纳入迁移决策。它强调移民并非同质群体。
Chain migration occurs when pioneer migrants establish a community and then facilitate the subsequent movement of family and friends through information, finance, and housing. It creates clustered ethnic enclaves.
连锁迁移是先驱移民建立社区后，通过信息、资金和住房便利亲友后续迁移的过程。它形成聚集的族裔飞地。
Asylum seeker is someone who has fled their country and applied for protection as a refugee, but whose claim has not yet been assessed. If granted, they become a refugee under international law.
寻求庇护者是逃离本国并申请难民保护但尚未被评估的人。若获批准，他们即成为国际法下的难民。
8. Urbanisation & Settlement | 城市化与聚落
The bid-rent theory explains that land values decline with distance from the city centre because accessibility decreases. Retail activities can afford the highest rents at the core, while industry and housing locate further out.
竞租理论解释由于可达性降低，地价随离市中心距离增加而下降。零售活动能支付核心区最高租金，而工业和住宅选址更远。
Gentrification is the process by which wealthier newcomers move into a run-down inner-city area, renovate properties and change its social character, often displacing lower-income original residents.
绅士化是较富裕的新来者迁入破败的内城区，修缮房产并改变社区社会特征的过程，往往导致原有低收入居民被迫迁出。
A megalopolis is a vast, polycentric urban region formed when two or more large cities expand and merge, such as the Boston–Washington corridor in the USA. It represents the highest order of urban agglomeration.
巨型城市带是两个或以上大城市扩展并融合形成的广阔多中心城市区域，如美国波士顿-华盛顿走廊。它代表最高等级的城市集聚。
9. Economic Development & Globalisation | 经济发展与全球化
Gross National Income (GNI) per capita, adjusted for purchasing power parity (PPP), is a commonly used indicator of development. It captures the total value of goods and services produced by a country’s residents, including overseas earnings.
人均国民总收入 (GNI) 按购买力平价 (PPP) 调整后，是常用的发展指标。它涵盖一国居民生产的商品和服务总价值，包括海外收入。
The Kuznets curve hypothesises that income inequality first increases during early industrialisation and then declines as growth continues, tracing an inverted-U shape. Its empirical support is mixed.
库兹涅茨曲线假设收入不平等在工业化初期会加剧，然后随着持续增长而下降，呈倒 U 型。其实证支持有分歧。
Globalisation is the increasing interconnectedness of economies, cultures and societies through flows of capital, trade, information and people. ‘Time–space compression’ is a key related concept.
全球化是通过资本、贸易、信息和人员流动加强经济、文化和社会相互联系的过程。“时空压缩”是关键的关联概念。
10. Environmental Management | 环境管理
Ecosystem services are the benefits that humans derive from ecosystems, classified into provisioning (food, water), regulating (climate, flood), supporting (nutrient cycling), and cultural (recreation) services.
生态系统服务是人类从生态系统获得的惠益，分为供给服务（粮食、水）、调节服务（气候、洪水）、支持服务（养分循环）和文化服务（休闲）。
The circular economy is an economic system aimed at minimising waste and making the most of resources by closing loops through reuse, repair, remanufacturing and recycling, moving away from the linear ‘take–make–dispose’ model.
循环经济是一种经济体系，旨在通过再利用、维修、再制造和回收来闭合资源循环，最大程度减少废物，摆脱线性“取用-制造-废弃”模式。
Sustainable development meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, balancing economic, social and environmental pillars.
可持续发展既满足当代人需求，又不损害后代人满足其自身需求的能力，平衡经济、社会和环境三大支柱。
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