📚 Pre-U WJEC Computer Science: Glossary & Terminology Memorisation Guide | Pre-U WJEC 计算机：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the terminology of computer science is essential for success in Pre-U WJEC examinations. This guide presents key terms grouped by topic, with each English definition immediately followed by its Chinese equivalent to support rapid memorisation and deep understanding. Use it as a daily reference, a self‑test tool, or a companion to your revision notes.
掌握计算机科学的术语是在 Pre‑U WJEC 考试中取得成功的关键。本指南按主题将核心词汇分组，每条英文定义之后紧跟着对应的中文释义，便于快速记忆和深入理解。你可以将它用作日常参考、自测工具或复习笔记的伴侣。
1. Core Concepts & Computational Thinking | 核心概念与计算思维
Algorithm: A precise sequence of instructions designed to solve a specific problem or perform a task, independent of any programming language.
算法：一种设计用来解决特定问题或执行任务且独立于任何编程语言的精确指令序列。
Decomposition: Breaking a complex problem into smaller, more manageable parts that can be solved individually and then combined.
分解：将一个复杂问题拆分成更小、更易管理的部分，分别解决后再组合起来。
Pattern recognition: Identifying similarities, trends, or common characteristics among problems or within data to reuse previously successful solutions.
模式识别：在问题或数据中发现相似性、趋势或共同特征，以便复用已有的成功解决方案。
Abstraction: The process of removing unnecessary detail to focus on the essential features that are relevant to the problem being solved.
抽象：去除不必要的细节，集中关注与当前求解问题相关的基本特征的过程。
Algorithmic thinking: A logical approach to problem‑solving that involves defining steps, considering constraints, and designing a solution that can be implemented by a machine or human.
算法思维：一种逻辑化的问题解决方法，包括定义步骤、考虑约束并设计可由机器或人实施的解决方案。
Syntax: The set of rules that govern the structure of statements in a programming language; incorrect syntax causes compilation or interpretation errors.
语法：支配编程语言中语句结构的一组规则；错误的语法会导致编译或解释错误。
Semantics: The meaning conveyed by correctly formed statements; a program with correct syntax can still produce unintended results if the semantics are wrong.
语义：由语法正确的语句传达的含义；如果语义不正确，即使语法无误的程序也可能产生非预期的结果。
2. Data Representation | 数据表示
Bit: The smallest unit of data in computing, representing a binary digit 0 or 1.
比特：计算中最小的数据单位，表示一个二进制数字 0 或 1。
Byte: A group of 8 bits, commonly used to encode a single character or a small integer.
字节：一组 8 个比特，通常用于编码一个字符或一个小整数。
Nibble: Half of a byte, i.e. 4 bits, useful for representing a single hexadecimal digit.
半字节：半个字节，即 4 个比特，在表示单个十六进制数字时很有用。
Two’s complement: A method of representing negative integers in binary, where the most significant bit acts as a sign indicator and arithmetic operations work directly.
二进制补码：一种用二进制表示负整数的方法，最高位充当符号位，且算术运算可直接执行。
Floating‑point representation: A scientific‑notation‑like format (mantissa × 2^exponent) used to store real numbers with a trade‑off between range and precision.
浮点表示：一种类似于科学计数法的格式（尾数 × 2^指数），用于存储实数，可在范围和精度之间做出平衡。
ASCII: A 7‑bit character encoding standard that maps letters, digits, and symbols to numeric codes; extended ASCII uses 8 bits.
ASCII：一种 7 位字符编码标准，将字母、数字和符号映射为数字代码；扩展 ASCII 使用 8 位。
Unicode: A universal character set that assigns a unique code point to characters of almost all written languages, supporting far more symbols than ASCII.
Unicode：一种通用字符集，为几乎所有书面语言的字符分配唯一码点，支持的符号远多于 ASCII。
3. Computer Systems Architecture | 计算机系统架构
Von Neumann architecture: A design model where program instructions and data share the same memory and bus system, enabling stored‑program computers.
冯·诺依曼架构：一种程序指令和数据共享相同存储器和总线系统的设计模型，使存储程序计算机成为可能。
CPU (Central Processing Unit): The primary component of a computer that executes instructions and manages data processing, containing the ALU, control unit, and registers.
中央处理器：计算机中执行指令并管理数据处理的核心部件，包含算术逻辑单元、控制单元和寄存器。
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit): A digital circuit within the CPU that performs arithmetic and logical operations on integer binary data.
算术逻辑单元：CPU 内部的数字电路，对整数二进制数据执行算术和逻辑操作。
Control Unit: The CPU component that decodes instructions and generates control signals to coordinate the fetch‑decode‑execute cycle.
控制单元：CPU 中负责译码指令并产生控制信号以协调取指‑译码‑执行周期的部件。
Program Counter (PC): A register that holds the address of the next instruction to be fetched from memory.
程序计数器：一种寄存器，保存即将从存储器中取出的下一条指令的地址。
MAR & MDR: The Memory Address Register holds the address being accessed; the Memory Data Register holds the data being transferred to or from memory.
存储器地址寄存器与存储器数据寄存器：MAR 保存正在访问的地址；MDR 保存正在传入或传出存储器的数据。
Fetch‑decode‑execute cycle: The continuous loop in which the CPU fetches an instruction, decodes it, executes it, and then moves to the next.
取指‑译码‑执行周期：CPU 不断地取出指令、译码、执行，然后转移到下一条指令的循环过程。
4. Systems Software | 系统软件
Operating system: Software that manages hardware resources, provides a user interface, and enables application programs to run by offering essential services such as process and memory management.
操作系统：管理硬件资源、提供用户界面并通过进程管理与内存管理等基本服务使应用程序得以运行的软件。
Compiler: A program that translates high‑level source code into machine code all at once, producing an executable file that can be run independently.
编译器：一次性将高级源代码翻译成机器码的程序，生成可独立运行的可执行文件。
Interpreter: A program that reads and executes high‑level code line by line, without producing a standalone executable, often used for scripting and rapid development.
解释器：逐行读取并执行高级代码的程序，不生成独立的可执行文件，常用于脚本和快速开发。
Assembler: A translator that converts assembly language mnemonics into machine code, typically on a one‑to‑one basis.
汇编器：将汇编语言助记符转换为机器码的翻译器，通常具有一一对应的关系。
Linker: A utility that combines multiple object code files into a single executable, resolving cross‑references between them.
链接器：将多个目标代码文件合并成一个可执行文件的实用程序，同时解决它们之间的交叉引用。
Loader: A system program responsible for loading an executable file into memory and preparing it for execution by the CPU.
加载器：负责将可执行文件加载到内存并为 CPU 执行做好准备的系统程序。
5. Programming Fundamentals | 编程基础
Variable: A named storage location in memory whose value can change during program execution, associated with a data type.
变量：内存中已命名的存储位置，其值在程序执行期间可改变，并与某种数据类型关联。
Constant: A named value that cannot be modified while the program runs, used to give meaningful names to fixed data.
常量：程序运行期间不可修改的已命名值，用于为固定数据赋予有意义的名称。
Data type: A classification that defines the kind of data a variable can hold (e.g. integer, real, Boolean, character, string) and the operations allowed on it.
数据类型：定义变量可存放的数据种类（如整数、实数、布尔值、字符、字符串）以及允许在其上执行的操作的分类。
Selection: A control structure that allows a program to choose between alternative paths based on a condition, typically implemented with if‑else or switch statements.
选择：一种控制结构，允许程序根据条件在不同路径之间做出选择，通常通过 if‑else 或 switch 语句实现。
Iteration: Repetition of a block of code; loop constructs such as FOR, WHILE, and REPEAT‑UNTIL provide control over how many times the code runs.
迭代：代码块的重复执行；FOR、WHILE 和 REPEAT‑UNTIL 等循环结构控制代码运行的次数。
Subroutine: A self‑contained block of code that performs a specific task; functions return a value, while procedures do not.
子程序：执行特定任务的自包含代码块；函数返回值，而过程不返回值。
Recursion: A technique where a subroutine calls itself to solve smaller instances of the same problem, relying on a base case to terminate.
递归：一种子程序调用自身以解决同一问题更小实例的技术，依赖基线条件来终止。
6. Data Structures | 数据结构
Array: A static, contiguous collection of elements of the same data type, accessed by index. Multi‑dimensional arrays extend this to rows and columns.
数组：一种静态的、连续的同类型元素集合，通过索引访问。多维数组可扩展为行与列。
Linked list: A dynamic collection of nodes, each containing data and a pointer to the next node; insertion and deletion are efficient at the cost of slower direct access.
链表：节点的动态集合，每个节点包含数据和指向下一个节点的指针；插入和删除效率高，但直接访问较慢。
Stack: A last‑in, first‑out (LIFO) abstract data type, supporting push (add) and pop (remove) operations on the top element.
栈：一种后进先出（LIFO）的抽象数据类型，支持对栈顶元素的 push（入栈）和 pop（出栈）操作。
Queue: A first‑in, first‑out (FIFO) abstract data type, where elements are added at the rear and removed from the front.
队列：一种先进先出（FIFO）的抽象数据类型，元素在尾部添加，从头部移除。
Tree: A hierarchical structure consisting of nodes connected by edges; a binary tree has at most two children per node, used in sorting and searching.
树：由节点和边组成的层次结构；二叉树每个节点最多有两个子节点，用于排序和搜索。
Hash table: A data structure that maps keys to values using a hash function, enabling average constant‑time lookup, ideal for dictionaries.
哈希表：一种使用哈希函数将键映射为值的数据结构，能实现平均常数时间的查找，适合用作字典。
7. Algorithms | 算法
Linear search: A simple search algorithm that examines each element in a list sequentially until the target is found or the list ends.
线性搜索：一种简单的搜索算法，按顺序检查列表中的每个元素，直到找到目标或列表结束。
Binary search: An efficient algorithm that repeatedly divides a sorted list in half, discarding the half that cannot contain the target; time complexity O(log n).
二分搜索：一种高效算法，反复将有序列表分成两半并丢弃不包含目标的那一半；时间复杂度为 O(log n)。
Bubble sort: A comparison‑based sorting algorithm that repeatedly steps through a list, swapping adjacent elements if they are in the wrong order; O(n²).
冒泡排序：一种基于比较的排序算法，反复遍历列表并在相邻元素顺序错误时交换它们；时间复杂度 O(n²)。
Merge sort: A divide‑and‑conquer algorithm that recursively splits a list into halves, sorts them, and then merges the sorted halves; O(n log n).
归并排序：一种分治算法，递归地将列表分成两半、分别排序，再合并已排序的两半；时间复杂度 O(n log n)。
Big O notation: A mathematical notation that describes the upper bound of an algorithm’s time or space complexity as the input size grows, focusing on the dominant term.
大 O 表示法：一种描述算法时间或空间复杂度随输入规模增长的上界数学记号，关注主导项。
Time complexity: A measure of how the execution time of an algorithm scales with the size of the input, typically expressed in Big O terms.
时间复杂度：衡量算法执行时间如何随输入规模变化的一种量度，通常用大 O 表示法表达。
8. Databases | 数据库
Relational database: A database structured to recognise relations among stored items, organising data into tables with rows (records) and columns (fields).
关系数据库：一种能够识别存储项之间关系的数据库，将数据组织成具有行（记录）和列（字段）的表。
Primary key: A field (or combination of fields) that uniquely identifies each record in a table; every table must have a primary key to ensure entity integrity.
主键：能唯一标识表中每条记录的字段（或字段组合）；每张表必须有主键以确保实体完整性。
Foreign key: A field in one table that refers to the primary key of another table, used to establish and enforce a link between the two tables.
外键：一张表中引用另一张表主键的字段，用于在两表之间建立并强制链接。
SQL: Structured Query Language, a standard language for querying and manipulating relational databases using commands like SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE.
SQL：结构化查询语言，使用 SELECT、INSERT、UPDATE 和 DELETE 等命令查询和操作关系数据库的标准语言。
Normalisation: The process of organising data to reduce redundancy and improve integrity, typically by applying normal forms (1NF, 2NF, 3NF).
规范化：通过应用范式（1NF、2NF、3NF）来减少冗余并提高数据完整性的数据组织过程。
Index: A data structure that improves the speed of data retrieval operations on a table at the cost of additional storage and slower writes.
索引：一种加快表中数据检索操作的数据结构，代价是额外的存储空间和稍慢的写入速度。
9. Networking & the Internet | 网络与互联网
Protocol: A set of rules that govern data communication, ensuring that devices can format, transmit, and interpret messages correctly (e.g. TCP, IP, HTTP).
协议：一套管理数据通信的规则，确保设备能够正确格式化、传输和解释消息（如 TCP、IP、HTTP）。
TCP/IP stack: A suite of communication protocols organised in layers (application, transport, internet, network access) that enables data to travel across interconnected networks.
TCP/IP 协议栈：一套分层（应用层、传输层、互联网层和网络接入层）组织的通信协议，使数据能够跨越互联的网络传输。
IP address: A unique numeric label assigned to each device on a network; IPv4 uses 32‑bit addresses, while IPv6 uses 128‑bit to accommodate more devices.
IP 地址：分配给网络上每台设备的唯一数字标签；IPv4 使用 32 位地址，IPv6 使用 128 位地址以容纳更多设备。
DNS: Domain Name System, a service that translates human‑friendly domain names (e.g. http://www.example.com) into machine‑readable IP addresses.
DNS：域名系统，将人类易读的域名（如 http://www.example.com）转换为机器可读的 IP 地址的服务。
Packet switching: A method of data transmission in which messages are broken into packets that are routed independently across a network and reassembled at the destination.
包交换：一种数据传输方法，将消息拆成数据包，各包在网络中独立路由，并在目的地重新组装。
Client‑server model: A network architecture where client devices request services and resources, and centralised servers provide them, e.g. a web browser and web server.
客户端‑服务器模型：客户端设备请求服务和资源，集中式服务器提供这些服务与资源的网络架构，如 Web 浏览器和 Web 服务器。
10. Cyber Security | 网络安全
Malware: Malicious software designed to damage, disrupt, or gain unauthorised access to systems, including viruses, worms, and Trojans.
恶意软件：旨在破坏、中断或未经授权访问系统的恶意软件，包括病毒、蠕虫和特洛伊木马。
Phishing: A social engineering attack that uses fraudulent emails or websites to trick individuals into revealing sensitive information such as passwords or credit card numbers.
钓鱼：一种社会工程攻击，使用欺骗性电子邮件或网站诱骗个人泄露密码或信用卡号等敏感信息。
Firewall: A network security device or software that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing traffic based on predetermined security rules.
防火墙：一种根据预设安全规则监控并控制进出流量的网络安全设备或软件。
Encryption: The process of converting plaintext into ciphertext using an algorithm and a key, making data unreadable to unauthorised parties.
加密：使用算法和密钥将明文转换为密文的过程，使数据对未经授权者不可读。
Symmetric encryption: A type of encryption where the same key is used for both encryption and decryption; fast but requires secure key distribution.
对称加密：加密和解密使用相同密钥的加密方式；速度较快，但需要安全的密钥分发机制。
Asymmetric encryption: Uses a public key for encryption and a private key for decryption, enabling secure communication without pre‑sharing a secret key.
非对称加密：使用公钥加密、私钥解密，无需预先共享秘密密钥即可实现安全通信。
11. Software Development Lifecycle | 软件开发生命周期
Waterfall model: A linear sequential approach to software development where each phase (requirements, design, implementation, testing, maintenance) must be completed before the next begins.
瀑布模型：一种线性顺序的软件开发方法，每个阶段（需求、设计、实施、测试、维护）必须完成后才能开始下一阶段。
Agile methodology: An iterative approach that emphasises incremental delivery, collaboration, and flexibility, with frequent feedback from stakeholders.
敏捷方法：一种迭代式方法，强调增量交付、协作和灵活性，并经常从利益相关者获取反馈。
Requirements analysis: The process of determining user expectations for a new or modified product, leading to a clear specification of what the system must do.
需求分析：确定用户对新产品或修改产品期望的过程，形成系统必须完成的功能的清晰规范。
Implementation: The phase where the design is translated into actual code using a chosen programming language and development tools.
实施：使用选定的编程语言和开发工具将设计转化为实际代码的阶段。
White‑box testing: Testing based on knowledge of the internal logic and code structure; typically performed by developers.
白盒测试：基于对内部逻辑和代码结构的了解进行的测试，通常由开发人员执行。
Black‑box testing: Testing that examines the functionality of an application without peering into its internal workings; focuses on inputs and expected outputs.
黑盒测试：不查看应用程序内部运作而检验其功能性的测试，聚焦于输入和预期输出。
Evaluation: The final assessment of whether the developed system meets the original requirements and is fit for purpose, including performance, usability, and reliability.
评估：对已开发系统是否满足初始需求并适于目的的最终评价，包括性能、可用性和可靠性。
12. Ethical, Legal & Environmental Issues | 伦理、法律与环境议题
Data protection: Legal regulations (such as GDPR) that govern the collection, storage, and use of personal data, giving individuals rights over their information.
数据保护：管理个人数据收集、存储与使用的法律法规（如 GDPR），赋予个人对其信息的权利。
Intellectual property: Creations of the mind—software, algorithms, designs—protected by copyright, patents, and licences, preventing unauthorised copying and use.
知识产权：由版权、专利和许可证保护的智力创造成果（软件、算法、设计），防止未经授权的复制和使用。
Digital divide: The gap between those who have easy access to digital technology and the Internet and those who do not, influenced by economic, geographical, and social factors.
数字鸿沟：能轻松访问数字技术与互联网的人与不能的人之间的差距，受经济、地理和社会因素影响。
E‑waste: Discarded electronic devices that pose environmental hazards due to toxic materials; responsible recycling and design for longevity help mitigate the impact.
电子垃圾：因含有毒材料而对环境造成危害的废弃电子设备；负责任地回收和设计长寿命产品有助于减轻影响。
Plagiarism: The act of presenting someone else’s code or work as one’s own, a serious academic and professional offence in computing.
剽窃：将他人的代码或成果当作自己的呈现的行为，在计算领域属于严重的学术与职业违规。
Artificial intelligence ethics: The field concerned with ensuring AI systems are fair, transparent, accountable, and respect human rights, addressing bias and privacy.
人工智能伦理：关注确保 AI 系统公平、透明、可问责并尊重人权的领域，处理偏见与隐私问题。
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