📚 Pre-U WJEC German: Formulas & Rules Quick Reference | Pre-U WJEC 德语：公式定理速查手册
Mastering German grammar at Pre-U level often feels like learning a set of mathematical formulas – each rule must be applied precisely to construct correct and elegant sentences. This quick reference handbook distils the essential ‘formulas’ of WJEC Pre-U German, from word order patterns to adjective endings, modal constructions to the subjunctive mood. Use it as your go-to revision tool to internalise the structures that underpin high-level written and spoken German.
在 Pre-U 阶段掌握德语语法，常常像学习一套数学公式——每条规则都必须精准运用，才能构建正确而优美的句子。这本速查手册提炼了 WJEC Pre-U 德语的核心“公式”，涵盖语序模式、形容词词尾、情态动词结构到虚拟式用法。把它作为你的首选复习工具，内化那些支撑高级书面和口语德语的结构。
1. Word Order in Main Clauses | 主句语序
Subjekt + Verb (Position 2) + Angaben (Time – Manner – Place) + Objekt(e) + Infinitiv/Partizip II (am Ende)
In a declarative main clause, the finite verb occupies the second position. Other elements can stand in position 1 (for example, an adverb of time), pushing the subject to position 3. The ‘TeKaMoLo’ rule (temporal, kausal, modal, lokal) governs the order of adverbial phrases. Any infinitive or past participle is placed at the very end of the clause.
在陈述主句中，变位动词占据第二位。其他成分可以放在第一位（例如时间副词），将主语推到第三位。“TeKaMoLo”规则（时间、原因、方式、地点）决定状语短语的顺序。不定式或过去分词放在句末。
Fragewort / Verb (Position 1) + Subjekt + …?
For yes/no questions, the conjugated verb moves to position 1. In W-questions, the question word takes position 1 and the verb follows immediately in position 2.
在一般疑问句中，变位动词移至第一位。在特殊疑问句中，疑问词位于第一位，动词紧随其后在第二位。
2. The Case System – The ‘Protective Shield’ Formula | 格体系——“保护盾”公式
Nominativ (Wer?/Was?) → Akkusativ (Wen?/Was?) → Dativ (Wem?) → Genitiv (Wessen?)
German nouns, articles, adjectives and pronouns change form according to four cases. The nominative is for the subject, accusative for the direct object, dative for the indirect object, and genitive for possession. Certain prepositions and verbs always trigger a specific case – learn these as fixed formulas. For example: ‘danken’ + Dativ, ‘helfen’ + Dativ, ‘fragen’ + Akkusativ, ‘unterstuetzen’ + Akkusativ.
德语名词、冠词、形容词和代词根据四个格变化形式。第一格（主格）用于主语，第四格（宾格）用于直接宾语，第三格（与格）用于间接宾语，第二格（属格）用于所有关系。某些介词和动词始终支配特定的格——将它们作为固定公式学习。例如：danken + 第三格，helfen + 第三格，fragen + 第四格，unterstuetzen + 第四格。
3. Adjective Endings – The Three-Table Formula | 形容词词尾——“三表”公式
Adjective endings follow three distinct patterns depending on the preceding article: definite article (der-word), indefinite article (ein-word), or no article. The endings carry case and gender information. When the article already shows the case clearly, the adjective takes a weak ending (-e or -en); when the article does not, the adjective takes a strong ending to compensate.
形容词词尾根据前面的冠词遵循三种不同模式：定冠词（der类词）、不定冠词（ein类词）或无冠词。词尾承载格和性的信息。当冠词已清晰显示格时，形容词采用弱变化词尾（-e或-en）；当冠词未清晰显示时，形容词采用强变化词尾作为补偿。
Weak endings: der gute Mann, den guten Mann, dem guten Mann, des guten Mannes
Mixed endings: ein guter Mann, einen guten Mann, einem guten Mann, eines guten Mannes
Strong endings: guter Mann, guten Mann, gutem Mann, guten Mannes
The formula for strong endings largely mirrors the definite article endings themselves, except in genitive masculine and neuter, where -en is used instead of -es to avoid duplication with the noun ending.
强变化词尾基本模仿定冠词的词尾，但在阳性和中性的第二格中，为避免与名词词尾重复，使用-en而不是-es。
4. Verb Conjugation – The Stem + Ending Formula | 动词变位——“词干+词尾”公式
Present tense: Stamm + (-e, -st, -t, -en, -t, -en)
Regular weak verbs follow a predictable pattern. Stem-vowel changes occur in the second and third person singular for many strong verbs (e.g. lesen → du liest, er liest; fahren → du faehrst, er faehrt). Separable prefixes (an-, auf-, aus-, mit-, etc.) are detached and placed at the end of the clause in main clauses: Ich rufe dich morgen an. In subordinate clauses, they remain attached: …, weil ich dich morgen anrufe.
规则弱变化动词遵循可预测的模式。许多强变化动词在第二、三人称单数中发生词干元音变化（如 lesen → du liest, er liest；fahren → du faehrst, er faehrt）。可分前缀（an-, auf-, aus-, mit-等）在主句中分离并置于句末：Ich rufe dich morgen an. 在从句中，它们保持附着：…, weil ich dich morgen anrufe.
5. Prepositions – The Case Trigger Formula | 介词——“触发格”公式
Two-way prepositions: an, auf, hinter, in, neben, ueber, unter, vor, zwischen + Akkusativ (movement) / Dativ (location)
These nine prepositions switch between accusative (direction and movement) and dative (static location). Apply the question test: ‘Wohin?’ → Akkusativ; ‘Wo?’ → Dativ. All other prepositions are fixed: for example, durch, fuer, gegen, ohne, um always take accusative; aus, bei, mit, nach, seit, von, zu always take dative; and waehrend, trotz, wegen, (an)statt take genitive.
这九个介词在宾格（方向与运动）和与格（静态位置）之间切换。使用提问测试：“Wohin?” → 宾格；“Wo?” → 与格。所有其他介词是固定的：例如，durch, fuer, gegen, ohne, um 始终支配宾格；aus, bei, mit, nach, seit, von, zu 始终支配与格；waehrend, trotz, wegen, (an)statt 支配第二格。
6. Modal Verbs – The Double Infinitive Formula | 情态动词——“双不定式”公式
Modalverb (konjugiert) + … + Infinitiv (am Ende)
Modal verbs (duerfen, koennen, moegen, muessen, sollen, wollen) modify a main verb, which appears as an infinitive at the end of the clause. In perfect tense, a double infinitive construction is used instead of a past participle: Ich habe gehen muessen (not *gemusst). The same applies to lassen, sehen, hoeren in perfect constructions.
情态动词（duerfen, koennen, moegen, muessen, sollen, wollen）修饰主要动词，主要动词以不定式形式出现在句末。在现在完成时中，使用双不定式结构而非过去分词：Ich habe gehen muessen（不写成gemusst）。同样适用于lassen, sehen, hoeren在完成时的结构中。
7. Subordinate Clauses – The Verb-End Formula | 从句——“动词至尾”公式
Subjunktion + Subjekt + … + Verb (konjugiert) am Ende
All subordinate clauses introduced by a subordinating conjunction (weil, dass, obwohl, wenn, als, bevor, nachdem, damit, ob, etc.) push the finite verb to the very end. If there is a separable prefix verb, the prefix remains attached. Modal verb + infinitive: the finite modal verb goes last, after the infinitive.
所有由从属连词（weil, dass, obwohl, wenn, als, bevor, nachdem, damit, ob 等）引导的从句将变位动词推至句末。如果是可分动词，前缀保持附着。情态动词+不定式：变位情态动词放在最后，在不定式之后。
In compound tenses, the auxiliary verb (haben/sein) follows the past participle: …, weil sie das Buch gelesen hat.
在复合时态中，助动词（haben/sein）位于过去分词之后：…, weil sie das Buch gelesen hat.
8. Relative Clauses – The Comma-Gap Formula | 关系从句——“逗号空位”公式
Relativpronomen (der/die/das…) , + … + Verb am Ende
The relative pronoun matches the antecedent in gender and number, but its case is determined by its function within the relative clause. The finite verb is placed at the end. Note the comma before the relative clause is obligatory. Genitive relative pronouns (dessen, deren) are especially tested at Pre-U level.
关系代词在性和数方面与先行词一致，但其格由其在关系从句中的功能决定。变位动词置于句末。注意关系从句前的逗号是强制性的。第二格关系代词（dessen, deren）在Pre-U阶段特别受考查。
9. Passive Voice – The ‘Werden + Partizip II’ Formula | 被动语态——“werden+第二分词”公式
Vorgangspassiv: werden (konjugiert) + … + Partizip II (am Ende)
The process passive is formed with werden and the past participle. The agent can be introduced with von + Dativ or durch + Akkusativ. In perfect tenses, werden becomes worden (not geworden). The impersonal passive with es is used when there is no personal subject: Es wird getanzt.
过程被动由werden和第二分词构成。施动者可以用von + 第三格或durch + 第四格引出。在完成时态中，werden变成worden（而不是geworden）。当没有明确人称主语时，使用带es的非人称被动：Es wird getanzt.
10. Subjunctive Mood (Konjunktiv II) – The ‘waere/haette/ wuerde’ Formula | 虚拟式（第二虚拟式）——“waere/haette/wuerde”公式
Waere/haette (Konjunktiv II) + … + Infinitiv/Partizip II (am Ende) ODER wuerde + Infinitiv
Konjunktiv II expresses hypothetical situations, polite requests, and reported speech. For strong verbs, a vowel change + -e (+ -n) is used. However, for many verbs the wuerde + infinitive form is preferred in spoken German, except for very common verbs like sein, haben and the modals. In reported speech (Konjunktiv I, though often Konjunktiv II is used if the Konjunktiv I form is ambiguous), indirect statements and questions require verb-end word order.
第二虚拟式表达假设情况、礼貌请求和间接引语。对于强变化动词，使用元音变换+-e（+-n）。但在口语德语中，许多动词更常用wuerde + 不定式的形式，除了非常常用的动词如sein, haben和情态动词。在间接引语中（第一虚拟式，但如果第一虚拟式形式含糊，常用第二虚拟式），间接陈述和疑问句要求动词居末的语序。
11. Conjunctional Phrases – The Double Connector Formula | 连词短语——“双连接词”公式
Entweder … oder, sowohl … als auch, weder … noch, zwar … aber, je … desto
Two-part conjunctions link equal sentence elements. ‘Entweder … oder’ and ‘weder … noch’ can connect words or whole clauses. ‘Je … desto’ triggers a clause-final verb in the ‘je’ clause and V2 word order in the ‘desto’ clause: Je mehr man uebt, desto besser wird man.
两部分连词连接对等的句子成分。Entweder … oder 和 weder … noch 可以连接单词或整个分句。Je … desto 结构在je从句中触发动词居末语序，在desto从句中使用V2语序：Je mehr man uebt, desto besser wird man.
12. Common Irregular Verbs – High-Frequency Stems | 常用不规则动词——高频词干
| Infinitiv | Präsens (3. Pers. Sg.) | Präteritum | Partizip II |
|---|---|---|---|
| fahren | faehrt | fuhr | ist gefahren |
| geben | gibt | gab | gegeben |
| nehmen | nimmt | nahm | genommen |
| lesen | liest | las | gelesen |
| helfen | hilft | half | geholfen |
| lassen | laesst | liess | gelassen |
Memorise these principal parts, as they form the foundation of correct tense and case-sensitive constructions. Remember that Pre-U examiners expect accurate use of simple past and perfect forms in essay writing.
记住这些主要变化形式，因为它们构成正确时态和格结构的基础。请记住，Pre-U 考官期望在作文写作中准确使用简单过去时和现在完成时形式。
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