Activate Student Book 3 (Gardom Hulme) Core Science Review | 《激活学生用书3》(Gardom Hulme) 核心科学复习

📚 Activate Student Book 3 (Gardom Hulme) Core Science Review | 《激活学生用书3》(Gardom Hulme) 核心科学复习

Activate Student Book 3 by Philippa Gardom Hulme builds on the KS3 science curriculum, helping students consolidate the key ideas in biology, chemistry and physics before moving to IGCSE or IB courses. This bilingual revision guide summarises the main topics from the book so that you can check your understanding quickly.

Philippa Gardom Hulme 编写的《激活学生用书3》以 KS3 科学课程为基础，帮助学生在进入 IGCSE 或 IB 课程之前巩固生物、化学和物理的核心概念。这份双语复习指南总结了书中的主要主题，让你可以快速检查自己的理解。

1. Cell Structure and Organisation | 细胞结构与组织

All living things are made of cells. Animal cells contain a nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane and mitochondria, while plant cells also have a rigid cell wall, chloroplasts for photosynthesis and a large permanent vacuole for support and storage.

所有生物都由细胞组成。动物细胞含有细胞核、细胞质、细胞膜和线粒体，而植物细胞还含有坚硬的细胞壁、进行光合作用的叶绿体以及起支撑和储存作用的大型永久液泡。

Cells are organised into tissues, organs and organ systems. For example, muscle tissue contracts to move parts of the body, and the heart is an organ made of muscle tissue, nervous tissue and connective tissue working together to pump blood.

细胞组成组织、器官和器官系统。例如，肌肉组织通过收缩来移动身体部位，心脏是由肌肉组织、神经组织和结缔组织共同工作的器官，用于泵送血液。

Specialised cells have particular adaptations. A red blood cell has no nucleus and a biconcave shape to carry oxygen more efficiently, while a root hair cell has a long extension to increase water absorption from the soil.

特化细胞具有特殊的适应特征。红细胞没有细胞核且呈双凹形，以便更高效地运输氧气，而根毛细胞有长长的突起，以增加从土壤中吸收水分的面积。

2. Gas Exchange and Respiration | 气体交换与呼吸

The human gas exchange system includes the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli. The alveoli are tiny air sacs surrounded by capillaries; they have very thin walls and a large surface area to allow oxygen to diffuse into the blood and carbon dioxide to diffuse out.

人体气体交换系统包括气管、支气管、细支气管和肺泡。肺泡是被毛细血管包围的微小气囊；它们壁非常薄、表面积很大，使氧气能扩散进入血液，二氧化碳能扩散出去。

Aerobic respiration releases energy from glucose using oxygen. The word equation is:

有氧呼吸利用氧气从葡萄糖中释放能量。文字方程式为：

glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy

葡萄糖 + 氧气 → 二氧化碳 + 水 + 能量

In anaerobic respiration, glucose is broken down without oxygen, producing lactic acid in animals or ethanol and carbon dioxide in yeast. This releases much less energy than aerobic respiration.

在无氧呼吸中，葡萄糖在没有氧气的情况下分解，在动物体内产生乳酸，在酵母中产生乙醇和二氧化碳。这释放的能量比有氧呼吸少得多。

3. Digestion and Nutrition | 消化与营养

Digestion breaks large insoluble food molecules into small soluble ones that can be absorbed into the blood. Carbohydrates are broken down by amylase into simple sugars, proteins by protease into amino acids, and fats by lipase into fatty acids and glycerol.

消化将大的不溶性食物分子分解为小的可溶性分子，以便吸收进入血液。

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