AQA International AS Chemistry Unit 1 January 2023 Revision Guide | AQA 国际版 AS 化学第一单元 2023年1月复习指南

📚 AQA International AS Chemistry Unit 1 January 2023 Revision Guide | AQA 国际版 AS 化学第一单元 2023年1月复习指南

The January 2023 AQA International AS Chemistry Unit 1 paper (CH01) challenges students to apply quantitative, structural and inorganic principles. This guide summarises the most important topics and common pitfalls from that exam.

2023年1月 AQA 国际版 AS 化学第一单元试卷（CH01）侧重考查学生对定量、结构和无机原理的应用。本指南总结该考试最重要的主题和常见易错点。

1. Atomic Structure and Ionisation Energies | 原子结构与电离能

Atomic structure questions often require writing full electron configurations and explaining ionisation energy trends using shell and sub-shell ideas.

原子结构题常要求书写完整电子构型，并运用电子层和亚层概念解释电离能趋势。

For example, the first ionisation energy of magnesium is higher than that of sodium because Mg has a greater nuclear charge and the outer electron is removed from the same 3s sub-shell, with similar shielding.

例如，镁的第一电离能高于钠，因为镁的核电荷更大，而外层电子同样从 3s 亚层移走，屏蔽作用相近。

Successive ionisation energies show a large jump when the electron being removed comes from a new inner shell, which provides evidence for electron shells.

逐级电离能出现大幅跃升时，说明被移走的电子来自新的内层，这为电子层结构提供了证据。

Be precise with terms such as ‘same sub-shell’, ‘similar shielding’ and ‘greater nuclear charge’. Avoid saying ‘more protons pull harder’ without relating it to shielding and distance.

答题时要准确使用“同一亚层”“屏蔽作用相近”和“更大核电荷”等术语。避免只说“质子越多吸引力越大”，而不联系屏蔽和距离。

Chromium and copper are common exceptions: Cr is [Ar] 3d⁵ 4s¹ and Cu is [Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s¹ because a half-filled or fully filled d sub-shell gives extra stability.

铬和铜是常见特例：Cr 为 [Ar] 3d⁵ 4s¹，Cu 为 [Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s¹，因为半充满或全充满的 d 亚层具有额外稳定性。

2. Amount of Substance and Titration Calculations | 物质的量与滴定计算

The mole is the central tool in Unit 1. You must be confident converting between mass, moles, concentration and gas volume.

摩尔是第一单元的核心工具。你必须熟练掌握质量、物质的量、浓度和气体体积之间的换算。

n = m / M and n = cV and pV = nRT

One common January exam exercise is a titration where students calculate an unknown concentration and then evaluate percentage uncertainty.

一月考试常见题型之一是滴定计算：先求未知浓度，再评估百分不确定度。

Percentage uncertainty = (maximum uncertainty / measurement) × 100%. For a burette reading, remember two readings are taken, so the uncertainty is usually ±0.05 cm³ × 2 = ±0.10 cm³.

百分不确定度＝（最大不确定度 / 测量值）× 100%。滴定管读数要记住读取两次，所以不确定度通常为 ±0.05 cm³ × 2 = ±0.10 cm³。

For ideal gas calculations, convert temperature to kelvin and pressure to pascals if using R = 8.31 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹.

理想气体计算时，若使用 R = 8.31 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹，需将温度换算为开尔文，压强换算为帕斯卡。

In a typical titration, use the known volume and concentration of one solution to find its moles, use the balanced equation to find moles of the other substance, then divide by its volume to find concentration.

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