AS AQA CH01 Revision: Inorganic and Physical Chemistry | AS AQA 化学卷一（CH01）复习：无机与物理化学

📚 AS AQA CH01 Revision: Inorganic and Physical Chemistry | AS AQA 化学卷一（CH01）复习：无机与物理化学

The AQA AS Chemistry Paper 1 (CH01) assesses the core principles of physical and inorganic chemistry. This revision guide covers the most frequently examined topics, including atomic structure, bonding, energetics, equilibria and the reactions of Groups 2 and 7. Mastering these concepts and the related calculations will help you approach both multiple-choice and structured questions with confidence.

AQA AS 化学卷一（CH01）考查物理化学与无机化学的核心原理。本复习指南涵盖最高频考点，包括原子结构、化学键、能量学、化学平衡以及第2族和第7族元素的性质与反应。掌握这些概念及相关计算，将帮助你自信应对选择题与结构化问答题。

1. Atomic Structure and the Mass Spectrometer | 原子结构与质谱仪

The relative atomic mass of an element is the average mass of an atom compared to 1/12th the mass of a carbon-12 atom. It accounts for the natural abundance of each isotope.

相对原子质量是元素一个原子的平均质量与碳-12原子质量的1/12之比。它考虑了每种同位素的天然丰度。

A mass spectrometer produces a spectrum with peaks for each isotope. The height of each peak is proportional to the percentage abundance.

质谱仪产生每个同位素的峰，峰高与丰度百分比成正比。

To calculate relative atomic mass from a mass spectrum, multiply each isotopic mass by its percentage abundance, sum the values and divide by 100.

要根据质谱计算相对原子质量，将每种同位素的质量乘以其丰度百分比，求和后除以100。

Example: An element has isotopes ⁶⁹X (60%) and ⁷¹X (40%). Aᵣ = (69 × 60 + 71 × 40) ÷ 100 = 69.8.

示例：某元素有同位素 ⁶⁹X（60%）和 ⁷¹X（40%）。Aᵣ = (69 × 60 + 71 × 40) ÷ 100 = 69.8。

2. Electron Configuration and Ionisation Energy Trends | 电子构型与电离能趋势

Electrons fill subshells in the order 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d. Chromium and copper are exceptions because a half-filled or fully filled d-subshell is more stable.

电子按 1s、2s、2p、3s、3p、4s、3d 的顺序填充。铬和铜是例外，因为半满或全满的 d 亚层更稳定。

The first ionisation energy is the energy needed to remove one mole of electrons from one mole of gaseous atoms to form one mole of gaseous 1+ ions.

第一电离能是从一摩尔气态原子中移除一摩尔电子形成一摩尔气态 1+ 离子所需的能量。

Across a period, ionisation energy generally increases because nuclear charge increases while shielding remains similar, pulling electrons more strongly.

同一周期从左到右，电离能总体增大，因为核电荷增加而屏蔽作用相近，电子被更牢固地吸引。

Drops between Be and B, and between N and O, arise from subshell filling and electron repulsion in paired orbitals.

Be 到 B、N 到 O 之间的下降源于亚层填充方式和成对电子间的排斥。

3. Amount of Substance and Empirical Formulae | 物质的量与经验式

The mole is the SI unit for amount of substance. One mole contains 6.022 × 10²³ particles (Avogadro constant).

摩尔是物质的量的 SI 单位。一摩尔包含 6.022 × 10²³ 个粒子（阿伏伽德罗常数）。

Concentration (mol dm⁻³) = moles ÷ volume (dm³). Always convert cm³ to dm³ by dividing by 1000 before using this formula.

浓度（mol dm⁻³）= 物质的量 ÷ 体积（dm³）。使用公式前务必先将 cm³ 除以 1000 转换为 dm³。

The empirical formula gives the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in a compound. Divide the mass or percentage of each element by its relative atomic mass, then divide by the smallest result.

经验式给出化合物中原子的最简整数比。将每种元素的质量或百分比除以其相对原子质量，再除以最小值。

To find the molecular formula, divide the relative molecular mass by the empirical formula mass, then multiply the empirical formula by this factor.

要确定分子式，用相对分子质量除以经验式质量，再将经验式乘以该倍数。

4. Bonding, Structure and Intermolecular Forces | 化学键、结构与分子间作用力

Ionic bonding involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions. Ionic compounds form giant lattices with high melting points and conduct electricity when molten or aqueous.

离子键是带相反电荷离子间的静电吸引。离子化合物形成巨型晶格，熔点高

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