Data Representation, Data Structures and Data Manipulation in PE | 体育中的数据表示、数据结构与数据操作

📚 Data Representation, Data Structures and Data Manipulation in PE | 体育中的数据表示、数据结构与数据操作

Modern physical education and sports science rely on collecting, storing, analysing and presenting data. This article explains how sports data can be represented, organised into useful structures and manipulated to support coaching decisions, performance tracking, injury prevention and competition analysis.

现代体育教育和运动科学依赖于收集、存储、分析和呈现数据。本文解释体育数据如何被表示、组织成有用的结构，并如何进行操作，以支持教练决策、运动表现跟踪、损伤预防和比赛分析。

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1. Data Types in Sport | 体育中的数据类型

In sport, data can describe an athlete’s performance, physical condition, technique, nutrition, recovery or match statistics. Identifying the correct data type is important because it affects how the data can be stored, displayed, compared and analysed.

在体育中，数据可以描述运动员的表现、身体状态、技术、营养、恢复情况或比赛统计数据。识别正确的数据类型很重要，因为它会影响数据的存储、显示、比较和分析方式。

Data can be collected manually through observation and stopwatch timing, or automatically using GPS vests, accelerometers, force plates and heart-rate monitors. Each method produces values that must be handled appropriately.

数据可以通过人工观察和秒表计时来收集，也可以使用 GPS 背心、加速度计、测力台和心率监测器自动收集。每种方法产生的数值都需被恰当地处理。

Common examples include heart rate, race time, distance jumped, goals scored, player name, shirt number, coach rating and match date. Some of these are numbers, while others are words, dates or categories.

常见的例子包括心率、比赛用时、跳跃距离、进球数、球员姓名、球衣号码、教练评分和比赛日期。其中一些是数字，另一些是文字、日期或类别。

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2. Qualitative and Quantitative Data | 定性与定量数据

Qualitative data describes qualities or characteristics that cannot easily be measured with numbers. In PE, examples include a player’s attitude, teamwork, technique rating such as ‘good’, ‘average’ or ‘poor’, and the colour of a training bib.

定性数据描述难以用数字测量的性质或特征。在体育中，例子包括球员的态度、团队合作、技术评级（如“好”“一般”“差”）以及训练背心的颜色。

Quantitative data is numerical and can be measured or counted. Examples include a 100 m sprint time of 11.2 seconds, a resting heart rate of 62 bpm, 15 completed passes, and a long jump distance of 6.35 m.

定量数据是数值型数据，可以被测量或计数。例子包括 100 米短跑用时 11.2 秒、静息心率 62 次/分、完成 15 次传球和跳远距离 6.35 米。

Quantitative data is usually easier to analyse statistically because it can be used in calculations such as averages, totals and ranges. Qualitative data still provides important context about technique, motivation and decision-making that numbers alone cannot show.

定量数据通常更容易进行统计分析，因为它可以用于平均值、总数和极差等计算。定性数据仍提供关于技术、动机和决策的重要背景信息，这些是数字本身无法显示的。

A balanced analysis of sports performance often uses both types. For example, a coach may combine a player’s passing accuracy with a written comment on the quality of their passes.

对运动表现的全面分析通常同时使用这两种类型。例如，教练可能将球员的传球准确率与关于传球质量的文字评价结合起来。

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3. Discrete and Continuous Data | 离散数据与连续数据

Discrete data can only take certain values, usually whole numbers or counts. In sport, goals scored, number of fouls, number of steps, players on a team and gold medals won are discrete because you cannot have 2.5 goals in a real match.

离散数据只能取某些特定值，通常是整数或计数。在体育中，进球数、犯规次数、步数、球队人数和金牌数都是离散的，因为在一场真实比赛中不可能有 2.5 个进球。

Continuous data can take any value within a given range. Time, distance, speed, heart rate, body mass and jump height are continuous because they can be measured to finer and finer levels, such as 10.43 s, 10.432 s or 178.6 bpm.

连续数据可以在给定范围内取任意值。时间、距离、速度、心率、体重和跳跃高度都是连续的，因为它们可以被测量得越来越精细，例如 10.43 秒、10.432 秒或 178.6 次/分。

The distinction matters when choosing a chart or when rounding values for a table. Discrete data is often shown using bar charts, while continuous data is often shown using line graphs or histograms.

这种区别在选择图表或在表格中对数值进行舍入时很重要。离散数据通常用条形图表示，而连续数据通常用折线图或直方图表示。

Sometimes continuous data is rounded and treated as discrete for convenience. For example, a coach may record jump distance to the nearest centimetre even though the true value could be measured more precisely.

有时为了便利，连续数据会被舍入并作为离散数据处理。例如，教练可能将跳跃距离记录到最接近的厘米，即使真实值可以测量得更精确。

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4. Data Representation Methods | 数据表示方法

Sports data can be represented in several forms: text, numbers, dates, Boolean values and percentages. For example, player name is text, match date is a date, and ‘qualified’ or ‘not qualified’ is Boolean.

体育数据可以用多种形式表示：文本、数字、日期、布尔值和百分比。例如，球员姓名是文本，比赛日期是日期，“合格”或“不合格”是布尔值。

Percentages are commonly used in sport to compare completion rates, possession time, shooting accuracy or fitness improvements. For instance, a basketball player may have a free-throw success rate of 85%.

百分比在体育中常用于比较完成率、控球时间、投篮准确率或体能进步。例如，一名篮球运动员的罚球命中率可能为 85%。

Inside a computer, all data is ultimately stored in binary using 0s and 1s. At user level, however, spreadsheets and databases display data in readable formats such as tables, charts, scoreboards and dashboards.

在计算机内部，所有数据最终都以二进制形式用 0 和 1 存储。然而，在用户层面，电子表格和数据库以表格、图表、记分牌和仪表盘等可读格式显示数据。

A well-chosen representation makes patterns easier to see. For instance, a heart-rate curve during a match reveals fitness trends more clearly than a long list of individual numbers.

选择合适的数据表示方式可以让规律更容易被发现。例如，比赛中的心率曲线比一长串单独的数字更清晰地揭示体能变化趋势。

When representing data visually, the axis labels, units and scale must be clear. A graph without labelled axes can be misleading and is poor practice in sports science.

在可视化表示数据时，坐标轴标签、单位和刻度必须清晰。没有

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