Energy Sources for AQA International A-level Physics | AQA 国际 A-level 物理：能量来源

📚 Energy Sources for AQA International A-level Physics | AQA 国际 A-level 物理：能量来源

Energy supply is a central topic in AQA International A-level Physics because every power station, solar panel or wind turbine is a physical system that converts one store of energy into electrical energy. This article reviews the main energy sources, the calculations used to compare them, and the environmental and economic factors that influence energy choices.

能源供应是 AQA 国际 A-level 物理的核心主题之一，因为每一座发电站、每一块太阳能电池板或每一台风力机，本质上都是将一种能量储存转化为电能的物理系统。本文梳理主要能量来源、用于比较它们的计算方法，以及影响能源选择的环境与经济因素。

1. Energy demand and primary energy sources | 能源需求与一次能源

Primary energy sources are natural stores such as coal, oil, natural gas, uranium, sunlight, wind and water that have not yet been converted for human use. A power station converts a primary source into electricity, which is a secondary energy carrier because it must be generated from another source.

一次能源是指尚未被人类转化使用的天然储存，例如煤、石油、天然气、铀、太阳光、风和水。发电站将一次能源转化为电能，而电能属于二次能源载体，因为它必须由其他能源产生。

Global energy demand is usually measured in terawatt-hours per year or exajoules per year. The power delivered by any source is P = E / t, so a source that supplies 3.6 × 10¹³ J in one hour delivers 1.0 × 10¹⁰ W.

全球能源需求通常以每年太瓦时或每年艾焦耳计量。任何能源输出的功率均为 P = E / t，因此若某个能源在一小时内提供 3.6 × 10¹³ J 的能量，其输出功率为 1.0 × 10¹⁰ W。

P = E / t

2. Renewable and non-renewable sources | 可再生与不可再生能源

A renewable source is one that is replenished on a timescale comparable to or shorter than the rate at which it is used. Solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal, tidal and sustainably managed biofuel are usually classed as renewable. Fossil fuels and nuclear uranium are non-renewable because they take millions of years to form or are finite on human timescales.

可再生能源是指在与其使用速率相当或更短的时间尺度内可以得到补充的能源。太阳能、风能、水力、地热、潮汐能和可持续管理的生物燃料通常归为可再生能源。化石燃料和核燃料铀属于不可再生能源，因为它们的形成需要数百万年，或在

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