KS3 CIE Hearing | KS3 CIE 听力

📚 KS3 CIE Hearing | KS3 CIE 听力

Hearing is one of the five main senses and allows us to detect sound waves from our environment. In KS3 CIE Science, you need to understand how sound travels, how the human ear converts vibrations into electrical signals, and how we can protect our hearing from damage. This revision guide covers the key ideas and common mark scheme points for questions on hearing.

听觉是五种主要感觉之一，使我们能够探测周围环境中的声波。在 KS3 CIE 科学中，你需要理解声音如何传播、人耳如何将振动转换为电信号，以及我们如何保护听力免受损伤。本复习指南涵盖关于听力的关键概念和常见评分要点。

1. Sound Waves and Vibrations | 声波与振动

Sound is produced when an object vibrates. These vibrations travel through a medium such as air, water or a solid as longitudinal waves. In a longitudinal wave, the particles move back and forth in the same direction as the wave travels.

当物体振动时就会产生声音。这些振动以纵波的形式通过空气、水或固体等介质传播。在纵波中，粒子沿波传播的方向来回运动。

Sound cannot travel through a vacuum because there are no particles to carry the vibrations. This is why astronauts in space cannot hear each other directly even if they are close together.

声音不能在真空中传播，因为没有粒子来传递振动。这就是为什么太空中的宇航员即使离得很近也无法直接听到对方的声音。

The speed of sound is about 340 m/s in air at room temperature. Sound travels faster in liquids than in gases, and fastest in solids because particles are closer together and can pass on vibrations more quickly.

声音在室温空气中的速度约为 340 m/s。声音在液体中比在气体中传播得快，在固体中传播最快，因为粒子靠得更近，能更快地传递振动。

2. The Human Ear: Outer, Middle and Inner Ear | 人耳：外耳、中耳和内耳

The human ear is divided into three main parts: the outer ear, the middle ear and the inner ear. Each part has a specific job in detecting and transmitting sound vibrations.

人耳分为三个主要部分：外耳、中耳和内耳。每个部分在探测和传递声音振动方面都有特定的功能。

The outer ear consists of the pinna and the ear canal. The pinna collects sound waves and directs them into the ear canal.
外耳由耳廓和耳道组成。耳廓收集声波并将其导入耳道。
The middle ear contains the eardrum and three tiny bones called the ossicles (hammer, anvil and stirrup). These bones amplify the vibrations.
中耳包含鼓膜和三块称为听小骨的微小骨头（锤骨、砧骨和镫骨）。这些骨头放大振动。
The inner ear contains the cochlea, which is filled with fluid and lined with hair cells. The cochlea changes vibrations into electrical signals.
内耳包含耳蜗，耳蜗内充满液体并排列着毛细胞。耳蜗将振动转换为电信号。

In an exam, you may be asked to label a diagram of the ear. Always check the spelling of terms like cochlea, eardrum and pinna because mark schemes often require correct spelling for full marks.

在考试中，你可能会被要求给耳朵的示意图标注名称。一定要检查 cochlea、eardrum 和 pinna 等术语的拼写，因为评分方案通常要求拼写正确才能得满分。

3. How We Hear: Step-by-Step | 我们如何听到声音：一步一步

The process of hearing happens very quickly, but it can be broken down into clear steps. Mark schemes often award one mark for each correct step in a sequence.

听觉的过程发生得非常快，但可以分解成清晰的步骤。评分方案通常对序列中每一个正确的步骤给一分。

1. Sound waves enter the ear canal and hit the eardrum, making it vibrate.
1. 声波进入耳道并撞击鼓膜，使鼓膜振动。
2. The vibrating eardrum passes the vibrations to the three ossicles in the middle ear.
2. 振动的鼓膜将振动传递给中耳的三块听小骨。
3. The ossicles amplify the vibrations and push them against the oval window of the cochlea.
3. 听小骨放大振动并将其推向耳蜗的卵圆窗。
4. The vibrations create waves in the fluid inside the cochlea.
4. 振动在耳蜗内的液体中产生波动。
5. Hair cells in the cochlea bend due to the fluid movement. This bending produces electrical impulses.
5. 耳蜗中的毛细胞因液体运动而弯曲。这种弯曲产生电脉冲。
6. The auditory nerve carries the electrical impulses to the brain, which interprets them as sound.
6. 听神经将电脉冲传送到大脑，大脑将其解读为声音。

Remember that the eardrum vibrates, the ossicles amplify, the cochlea converts, and the auditory nerve transmits. These four key verbs often appear in mark schemes.

记住：鼓膜振动、听小骨放大、耳蜗转换、听神经传递。这四个关键动词经常出现在评分方案中。

4. The Cochlea and Hair Cells | 耳蜗与毛细胞

The cochlea is a spiral-shaped structure in the inner ear. It is filled with fluid and lined with thousands of tiny hair cells. These hair cells are the sensory receptors for hearing.

耳蜗是内耳中一个螺旋形的结构。它充满液体，内壁排列着数千个微小的毛细胞。这些毛细胞是听觉的感觉感受器。

When vibrations reach the cochlea, they cause the fluid to move. The moving fluid bends the hair cells. This bending opens tiny channels in the hair cell membrane, allowing electrical signals to be generated.

当振动到达耳蜗时，它们使液体运动。流动的液体使毛细胞弯曲。这种弯曲打开毛细胞膜上的微小通道，从而产生电信号。

Different hair cells respond to different frequencies of sound. Hair cells near the base of the cochlea respond to high-pitched sounds, while hair cells near the tip respond to low-pitched sounds.

不同的毛细胞对不同频率的声音作出反应。靠近耳蜗底部的毛细胞对高音调的声音作出反应，而靠近顶部的毛细胞对低音调的声音作出反应。

Once hair cells are damaged or destroyed, they do not regrow in humans. This is a key mark point when explaining why hearing loss can be permanent.

一旦毛细胞受损或被破坏，它们在人体中不会再生。这是解释为什么听力损失可能是永久性的一个关键评分点。

5. Pitch and Loudness | 音调与响度

Pitch and loudness are two different properties of sound. Pitch depends on the frequency of the sound wave, while loudness depends on the amplitude of the sound wave.

音调和响度是声音的两个不同属性。音调取决于声波的频率，而响度取决于声波的振幅。

Property	Depends on	High value means
Pitch	Frequency of wave	High-pitched sound (e.g. whistle)
Loudness	Amplitude of wave	Louder sound (e.g. shout)

When drawing sound waves, a high-pitched sound is shown by waves that are close together (short wavelength, high frequency). A loud sound is shown by waves with a larger height (greater amplitude).

绘制声波时，高音调的声音用靠得很近的波表示（波长短、频率高）。响亮的声音用高度较大的波表示（振幅较大）。

Mark schemes often ask you to identify which wave diagram represents a high-pitched or loud sound. Always check whether the question is about frequency or amplitude.

评分方案经常要求你判断哪幅波形图代表高音调或响亮的声音。一定要检查问题是关于频率还是振幅。

6. Hearing Range and Ultrasound | 听觉范围与超声波

The normal human hearing range is from about 20 Hz to 20 000 Hz (20 kHz). Sounds below 20 Hz are called infrasound, and sounds above 20 000 Hz are called ultrasound.

正常人的听觉范围大约是从 20 Hz 到 20 000 Hz（20 kHz）。低于 20 Hz 的声音称为次声波，高于 20 000 Hz 的声音称为超声波。

As people get older, the upper limit of their hearing range usually decreases. This means many adults cannot hear very high-pitched sounds that teenagers can hear.

随着年龄增长，人们听觉范围的上限通常会下降。这意味着许多成年人听不到青少年能听到的非常高音调的声音。

Some animals can hear ultrasound. For example, bats use ultrasound for echolocation, and dogs can hear frequencies up to about 45 000 Hz. Ultrasound is also used in medicine for scanning, such as checking a baby during pregnancy.

一些动物能听到超声波。例如，蝙蝠利用超声波进行回声定位，狗能听到高达约 45 000 Hz 的频率。超声波也用于医学扫描，例如在怀孕期间检查婴儿。

In an exam, you may be asked to state the human hearing range or to explain why ultrasound cannot be heard by humans. A precise answer with correct units is usually needed.

在考试中，你可能被要求说出人类的听觉范围，或解释为什么人类听不到超声波。通常需要给出带正确单位的精确答案。

7. Measuring Sound: The Decibel Scale | 测量声音：分贝标度

Sound intensity is measured in decibels (dB). The decibel scale is logarithmic, which means that every increase of 10 dB represents a sound that is 10 times more intense.

声音强度以分贝（dB）为单位测量。分贝标度是对数的，这意味着每增加 10 dB 表示声音强度变为原来的 10 倍。

Normal conversation is about 60 dB. A whisper is about 30 dB, a busy street is about 80 dB, and a rock concert can be 110 dB or more. Sounds above 85 dB can damage hearing if exposure is long enough.

正常交谈约为 60 dB。耳语约为 30 dB，繁忙的街道约为 80 dB，摇滚音乐会可达 110 dB 或更高。超过 85 dB 的声音如果暴露时间足够长，可能会损害听力。

A mark scheme may ask you to interpret a table of decibel levels or to state that prolonged exposure to loud sounds causes hearing damage. Always include the unit dB when giving values.

评分方案可能要求你解读分贝水平表格，或说明长时间暴露于响亮声音会导致听力损伤。给出数值时一定要包含单位 dB。

8. Hearing Loss and Damage | 听力损失与损伤

Hearing loss can be temporary or permanent. Temporary hearing loss often occurs after exposure to very loud sounds, such as standing near speakers at a concert, and usually recovers over time.

听力损失可以是暂时的或永久性的。暂时性听力损失通常发生在暴露于非常响亮的声音之后，例如站在音乐会扬声器附近，通常会随着时间恢复。

Permanent hearing loss happens when the hair cells in the cochlea are damaged or destroyed. Since hair cells do not regenerate in humans, this damage cannot be repaired naturally.

永久性听力损失发生在耳蜗中的毛细胞受损或被破坏时。由于人类的毛细胞不能再生，这种损伤无法自然修复。

Common causes of hearing damage include listening to loud music through earphones, working with noisy machinery without ear protection, and sudden very loud noises such as explosions.

听力损伤的常见原因包括通过耳机听响亮的音乐、在没有耳朵保护的情况下使用嘈杂的机器工作，以及爆炸等突然的非常响亮的噪音。

In exams, you should be able to describe how loud sounds damage the cochlea specifically. A mark point is often ‘hair cells in the cochlea are damaged and cannot regrow’.

在考试中，你应该能够具体描述响亮的声音如何损伤耳蜗。一个评分点通常是“耳蜗中的毛细胞受损且不能再生”。

9. Protecting Your Hearing | 保护你的听力

Hearing loss from loud noise is preventable. The main ways to protect hearing are to reduce the volume, limit exposure time, and use ear protection such as earplugs or earmuffs.

由响亮噪音引起的听力损失是可以预防的。保护听力的主要方法是降低音量、限制暴露时间，以及使用耳塞或耳罩等耳朵保护装置。

When listening to music with earphones, the 60/60 rule is a useful guide: listen at no more than 60% of maximum volume for no more than 60 minutes at a time.

使用耳机听音乐时，60/60 规则是一个有用的指南：音量不超过最大音量的 60%，每次不超过 60 分钟。

People who work in noisy environments, such as construction sites or airports, should wear ear defenders. This reduces the amount of sound energy reaching the eardrum and cochlea.

在嘈杂环境中工作的人，如建筑工地或机场，应佩戴护耳器。这可以减少到达鼓膜和耳蜗的声能。

A common exam question asks you to suggest one way to prevent hearing damage. An acceptable answer is ‘wear ear protection’ or ‘turn down the volume’. However, you must link the answer to reducing damage to the ear.

一个常见的考题是要求你提出一种预防听力损伤的方法。可接受的答案是“佩戴护耳器”或“调低音量”。但是，你必须将答案与减少对耳朵的损伤联系起来。

10. Common Exam Questions and Mark Points | 常见考题与评分要点

CIE KS3 exam questions on hearing often combine biology and physics. They may ask you to label the ear, explain the hearing process, describe the difference between pitch and loudness, or explain how hearing can be damaged.

CIE KS3 关于听力的考题通常结合生物学和物理学。它们可能要求你标注耳朵的结构、解释听觉过程、描述音调和响度之间的区别，或解释听力如何受到损伤。

Here are some key mark points to remember:

以下是一些需要记住的关键评分点：

The eardrum vibrates when sound waves hit it.
当声波撞击鼓膜时，鼓膜会振动。
The ossicles amplify vibrations and pass them to the cochlea.
听小骨放大振动并将其传递到耳蜗。
The cochlea converts vibrations into electrical signals.
耳蜗将振动转换为电信号。
The auditory nerve carries signals to the brain.
听神经将信号传送到大脑。
Pitch depends on frequency; loudness depends on amplitude.
音调取决于频率；响度取决于振幅。
Hair cells in the cochlea can be damaged by loud sounds and do not regrow.
耳蜗中的毛细胞可能被响亮的声音损伤，并且不能再生。
Use ear protection or reduce volume to prevent hearing loss.
使用护耳器或降低音量以预防听力损失。

Always read the question carefully. If it asks for a sequence, give the steps in order. If it asks for a cause and effect, link the cause (loud sound) to the effect (damaged hair cells) explicitly.

一定要仔细阅读题目。如果题目要求顺序，请按顺序给出步骤。如果题目要求因果关系，请明确地将原因（响亮的声音）与结果（毛细胞受损）联系起来。

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KS3 CIE Hearing | KS3 CIE 听力