A-Level CAIE Psychology: Key Terms Memory Guide | A-Level CAIE 心理学：词汇术语速记指南

📚 A-Level CAIE Psychology: Key Terms Memory Guide | A-Level CAIE 心理学：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering key terms is not just memorising definitions; it is learning to use psychological vocabulary precisely in short-answer and essay questions. This guide groups high-frequency CAIE Psychology terms by topic and pairs each explanation with a bilingual memory cue.

掌握关键术语不只是背定义，而是要能在简答题和论述题中准确运用心理学词汇。本指南将 CAIE 心理学高频术语按主题分组，并为每个解释配上中英双语记忆线索。

1. Research Methods Core Terms | 研究方法核心术语

In CAIE Psychology, ‘independent variable’ (IV) refers to the factor the researcher manipulates, while the ‘dependent variable’ (DV) is the measured outcome. A common exam error is confusing the DV with an extraneous variable, so write ‘IV causes change in DV’ as a mental check.

在 CAIE 心理学中，“自变量”（IV）指研究者操纵的因素，而“因变量”（DV）是测量的结果。常见考试错误是把因变量与额外变量混淆，因此可把“自变量引起因变量变化”当作心理检查。

‘Operationalisation’ means defining variables in concrete, measurable terms. For example, ‘aggression’ might be operationalised as the number of times a participant hits a toy. This term frequently appears in evaluation questions because weak operationalisation lowers construct validity.

“操作化”指用具体、可测量的方式定义变量。例如，“攻击性”可操作化为参与者击打玩具的次数。该术语常出现在评价题中，因为操作化不清晰会降低构念效度。

‘Demand characteristics’ are cues that reveal the aim of a study to participants, potentially changing their behaviour. Researcher effects, situational variables, and participant variables can all become confounding variables if not controlled.

“需求特征”是向参与者透露研究目的的线索，可能改变其行为。研究者效应、情境变量和参与者变量若不加以控制，都可能成为混淆变量。

---

2. Experimental Design and Controls | 实验设计与控制

Independent measures design uses different participants in each condition, which avoids order effects but risks participant variables. Repeated measures design uses the same participants, reducing participant variables but introducing order effects such as practice and fatigue.

独立组设计在不同条件下使用不同参与者，可避免顺序效应，但存在参与者变量的风险。重复测量设计使用同一批参与者，减少参与者变量，但会引入练习效应和疲劳等顺序效应。

Matched pairs design attempts to balance the two by matching participants on a relevant trait, such as age or IQ. Counterbalancing (ABBA) is used in repeated measures to spread order effects evenly across conditions.

配对组设计通过在相关特质（如年龄或智商）上匹配参与者来平衡两者。重复测量中使用平衡法（ABBA）将顺序效应均匀分布到各条件。

Controls like random allocation, standardised instructions, and single-blind or double-blind procedures help reduce bias. You should be able to state which control is missing from a described study and what confounding effect it would create.

随机分配、标准化指导语、单盲或双盲程序等控制有助于减少偏差。你应能说出所描述的研究缺少哪种控制，以及它会造成什么混淆效应。

---

3. Sampling and Ethical Issues | 抽样与伦理问题

‘Population’ is the entire target group; ‘sample’ is the subset studied. Opportunity sampling picks whoever is available, quick but biased. Volunteer sampling attracts engaged participants but often unrepresentative. Stratified sampling divides the population into subgroups and randomly selects within each, improving representativeness.

“总体”是全部目标群体；“样本”是研究的子集。机会抽样选取任何可用的人，快捷但有偏。志愿者抽样吸引积极参与者，但往往不具代表性。分层抽样将总体分成子群并在每层随机抽取，提高代表性。

Ethical guidelines in CAIE cover informed consent, deception, debriefing, right to withdraw, confidentiality, and protection from harm. For each core study, learn the specific ethical issue raised and the way researchers justified or addressed it.

CAIE 伦理准则涵盖知情同意、欺骗、事后解释、退出权、保密和免受伤害。对每项核心研究，要了解其引发的具体伦理问题以及研究者如何辩护或处理。

A quick memory chain is ‘C-D-R-W-C-P’: consent, deception, debriefing, right to withdraw, confidentiality, protection. Use this acronym when writing ethics evaluations.

快速记忆链是“C-D-R-W-C-P”：同意、欺骗、事后解释、退出权、保密、保护。在写伦理评价时使用这一首字母记忆法。

---

4. Data and Statistical Terms | 数据与统计术语

Descriptive statistics summarise data. The mean is the average, the median is the middle value, and the mode is the most frequent value. The range is a simple measure of spread; standard deviation is a more sensitive measure of dispersion around the mean.

描述统计用于概括数据。均值是平均数，中位数是中间值，众数是最常出现的值。全距是简单的离散度量；标准差是更灵敏的、围绕均值的离散度量。

Correlation coefficients range from -1 to +1. A positive correlation means high values on one variable go with high values on the other; a negative correlation means high goes with low. Correlation does not imply causation because a third variable may be at play.

相关系数在 -1 到 +1 之间。正相关表示一个变量高值时另一个变量也高；负相关表示一个变量高值时另一个变量低。相关不等于因果，因为可能存在第三变量。

Mean | 均值	Average score | 平均分数
Median | 中位数	Middle value in ordered data | 有序数据中的中间值
Mode | 众数	Most frequent value | 最常出现的值
Range | 全距	Highest minus lowest score | 最高分减最低分
Standard deviation | 标准差	Spread around the mean | 围绕均值的离散程度
p < 0.05 | p < 0.05	Significant result threshold | 显著结果的阈值

---

5. Cognitive Psychology Terms | 认知心理学术语

The multi-store model (Atkinson & Shiffrin) describes memory as sensory memory, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM). Capacity, duration, and encoding are the three features used to contrast these stores.

多存储模型（Atkinson 和 Shiffrin）将记忆描述为感觉记忆、短时记忆（STM）和长时记忆（LTM）。容量、持续时间和编码是用于对比这些存储系统的三个特征。

The working memory model replaces STM with four components: central executive, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and episodic buffer. Remember the phonological loop has two subparts: phonological store and articulatory control process.

工作记忆模型将短时记忆替换为四个成分：中央执行系统、语音环路、视觉空间画板和情景缓冲器。记住语音环路有两个子成分：语音存储和发音控制过程。

Reconstructive memory and leading questions are key in evaluating the reliability of memory. The cognitive interview is a technique to improve eyewitness recall by using report everything, context reinstatement, reverse order, and change perspective.

重构记忆和引导性问题在评估记忆可靠性时很关键。认知访谈是一种提高目击者回忆的技术，使用报告一切、情境重建、倒序回忆和改变视角。

---

6. Social Psychology Terms | 社会心理学术语

Obedience is following a direct order from an authority figure; conformity is yielding to group pressure. Normative social influence is the desire to be liked and accepted; informational social influence is the desire to be right.

服从是听从权威人物的直接命令；从众是屈服于群体压力。规范社会影响源于希望被喜欢和接受；信息社会影响源于希望正确。

Social identity theory proposes three stages: social categorisation, social identification, and social comparison. Prejudice is an attitude, discrimination is behaviour, and stereotyping is a cognitive shortcut about a group.

社会认同理论提出三个阶段：社会分类、社会认同和社会比较。偏见是一种态度，歧视是一种行为，刻板印象是关于群体的认知捷径。

Realistic conflict theory explains intergroup hostility through competition for scarce resources. The contact hypothesis states that cooperation and equal status can reduce prejudice, as seen in Sherif’s Robbers Cave study.

现实冲突理论用稀缺资源竞争解释群体敌意。接触假说认为合作和平等地位可以减少偏见，如 Sherif 的 Robbers Cave 研究所见。

---

7. Developmental Psychology Terms | 发展心理学术语

Attachment is a strong emotional bond between caregiver and infant. Ainsworth’s Strange Situation identified secure, insecure-avoidant, and insecure-resistant types; later research added disorganised attachment.

依恋是照看者与婴儿之间强烈的情感纽带。Ainsworth 的陌生情境法识别出安全型、不安全回避型和不安全抵抗型；后来研究增加了混乱型依恋。

Separation anxiety is distress when separated from the caregiver; stranger anxiety is distress around unfamiliar people. Deprivation means losing an attachment after it has formed, while privation means never forming an attachment at all.

分离焦虑是与照看者分离时的痛苦；陌生人焦虑是面对陌生人时的痛苦。剥夺指在依恋形成后失去依恋对象，而缺失指从未形成依恋。

The critical period is a narrow window for attachment formation, whereas a sensitive period is a broader, optimal time for development. Harlow’s monkeys and Lorenz’s imprinting are core studies for this topic.

关键期

Published by TutorHao | A-Level Psychology Revision Series | aleveler.com

更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）