Core Knowledge Points of Cambridge IGCSE Psychology | IGCSE Cambridge 心理学：核心知识点梳理

📚 Core Knowledge Points of Cambridge IGCSE Psychology | IGCSE Cambridge 心理学：核心知识点梳理

This revision guide summarises the core knowledge areas tested in Cambridge IGCSE Psychology. It covers research methods, cognitive processes, biological bases of behaviour, social influence, developmental stages, individual differences, and mental health. Each section pairs English explanations with Chinese translations to help you learn key terms and evaluate classic studies.

本复习指南总结了 Cambridge IGCSE 心理学考试涉及的核心知识领域。它涵盖研究方法、认知过程、行为的生物基础、社会影响、发展阶段、个体差异和心理健康。每个部分将英文解释与中文翻译配对，帮助你学习关键术语并评估经典研究。

1. Research Methods in Psychology | 心理学研究方法

In IGCSE Psychology, research methods are not a standalone topic only; they underpin every study you evaluate. You must be able to identify the aim, hypothesis, independent variable (IV) and dependent variable (DV) in an experiment.

在 IGCSE 心理学中，研究方法不仅仅是一个独立主题；它们支撑着你评估的每一项研究。你必须能够在实验中识别研究目的、假设、自变量 (IV) 和因变量 (DV)。

The three main experimental designs are independent groups, repeated measures and matched pairs. Independent groups use different participants in each condition, repeated measures use the same participants in all conditions, and matched pairs match participants on relevant characteristics before random allocation.

三种主要实验设计是独立组设计、重复测量设计和配对组设计。独立组设计在每个条件下使用不同的参与者，重复测量设计在所有条件下使用相同的参与者，配对组设计在随机分配前根据相关特征匹配参与者。

You should also evaluate quantitative and qualitative methods. Experiments, questionnaires and structured observations produce quantitative data, whereas interviews, case studies and unstructured observations often produce qualitative data.

你还应该评估定量和定性方法。实验、问卷和结构化观察产生定量数据，而访谈、案例研究和非结构化观察通常产生定性数据。

• Validity / 效度 — whether the study measures what it intends to measure / 研究是否测量了它想要测量的内容
• Reliability / 信度 — consistency of results if the study is repeated / 如果重复研究，结果的一致性
• Ethics / 伦理 — informed consent, right to withdraw, confidentiality, protection from harm / 知情同意、退出权、保密、免受伤害

---

2. Memory: Models and Forgetting | 记忆：模型与遗忘

The multi-store model (Atkinson and Shiffrin, 1968) proposes three separate stores: sensory memory, short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM). Information moves from sensory memory to STM through attention, and from STM to LTM through rehearsal.

多存储模型（Atkinson 和 Shiffrin，1968）提出三个独立的存储系统：感觉记忆、短时记忆 (STM) 和长时记忆 (LTM)。信息通过注意从感觉记忆进入短时记忆，并通过复述从短时记忆进入长时记忆。

STM has a limited capacity of 7±2 items (Miller, 1956) and a short duration of around 18–30 seconds unless rehearsed. LTM has potentially unlimited capacity and duration, and it encodes information mainly by meaning.

短时记忆的容量有限，为 7±2 个项目（Miller，1956），持续时间很短，约为 18-30 秒，除非进行复述。长时记忆的容量和持续时间可能无限，主要通过意义对信息进行编码。

Forgetting can be explained by trace decay, displacement, interference (proactive and retroactive) and retrieval failure. Interference theory suggests that similar memories compete and block recall.

遗忘可以用痕迹消退、替代、干扰（前摄和倒摄）和提取失败来解释。干扰理论认为，相似的记忆会相互竞争并阻碍回忆。

---

3. Perception and Attention | 知觉与注意

Perception is the process of interpreting sensory information. Bottom-up processing starts with sensory input, while top-down processing uses prior knowledge, expectations and context to make sense of stimuli.

知觉是解释感觉信息的过程。自下而上的加工从感觉输入开始，而自上而下的加工则利用先前知识、预期和背景来理解刺激。

Gestalt psychologists proposed principles of perceptual organisation, including figure-ground, proximity, similarity, closure and continuity. These principles explain why the whole is perceived as more than the sum of its parts.

格式塔心理学家提出了知觉组织的原则，包括图形-背景、接近性、相似性、闭合性和连续性。这些原则解释了为什么整体被知觉为大于部分之和。

Visual illusions such as the Müller-Lyer illusion show that perception can be distorted by depth cues and context. Selective attention is demonstrated by the Stroop effect, where naming the colour of a word is slowed when the word itself names a different colour.

视觉错觉（如 Müller-Lyer 错觉）表明知觉可能被深度线索和背景所扭曲。选择性注意由 Stroop 效应证明，当单词本身命名了不同的颜色时，说出单词颜色的速度会变慢。

---

4. Biological Psychology: Brain and Nervous System | 生物心理学：大脑与神经系统

The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Neurons transmit electrical impulses and communicate across synapses using neurotransmitters.

神经系统分为中枢神经系统 (CNS)（由大脑和脊髓组成）和周围神经系统 (PNS)。神经元传递电冲动，并通过神经递质在突触间进行交流。

Key brain regions include the frontal lobe (planning, decision-making, personality), temporal lobe (hearing and language), parietal lobe (spatial awareness and touch) and occipital lobe (vision). Localisation of function means different areas control specific functions.

关键脑区包括额叶（计划、决策、人格）、颞叶（听觉和语言）、顶叶（空间意识和触觉）以及枕叶（视觉）。功能定位意味着不同区域控制特定功能。

The case of Phineas Gage is often used to illustrate the role of the frontal lobe in personality. Damage to this area changed his behaviour, suggesting that brain structure can influence psychological functioning.

Phineas Gage 的案例常被用来说明额叶在人格中的作用。该区域受损改变了他的行为，表明大脑结构可以影响心理功能。

---

5. Biological Psychology: Hormones, Genes and Evolution | 生物心理学：激素、基因与进化

Hormones are chemical messengers released by endocrine glands into the bloodstream. Adrenaline prepares the body for ‘fight or flight’, cortisol is related to stress, testosterone is linked to aggression, and oxytocin is associated with bonding and trust.

激素是由内分泌腺释放到血液中的化学信使。肾上腺素使身体为 ‘战或逃’ 做准备，皮质醇与压力有关，睾酮与攻击性有关，催产素与联结和信任有关。

Twin studies compare monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic (non-identical) twins to estimate the heritability of traits. Genotype refers to genetic makeup, while phenotype refers to observable characteristics shaped by both genes and environment.

双胞胎研究通过比较同卵（完全相同的）

Published by TutorHao | IGCSE Psychology Revision Series | aleveler.com

更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）