📚 IGCSE CAIE Sociology: Key Terms Rapid Revision Guide | IGCSE CAIE 社会学：词汇术语速记指南
This revision guide breaks down the key terms that regularly appear in IGCSE CAIE Sociology (0495). Each term is defined clearly and paired with a memory hook so you can recall it quickly in Paper 1 and Paper 2. The guide is organised by syllabus themes: theory, culture, socialisation, inequality, family, education, crime, media and research methods.
本速记指南拆解了 IGCSE CAIE 社会学（0495）中经常出现的核心术语。每个术语都配有清晰定义和记忆钩子，帮助你在 Paper 1 和 Paper 2 中快速回忆。指南按考纲主题编排：理论、文化、社会化、不平等、家庭、教育、犯罪、媒体和研究方法。
1. Theory and Methods | 理论与方法
Society is a group of people who share a defined territory, interact with one another and share a common culture. Memory hook: think of society as a large ‘team’ that has its own rules, symbols and shared history.
社会 是指共享一定地域、彼此互动并拥有共同文化的一群人。记忆法：把社会想象成一支大型“团队”，它有自己的规则、符号和共同历史。
Social structure is the organised pattern of relationships and institutions that make up society, such as family, education and the legal system. It shapes how individuals behave. Memory hook: structure is the ‘skeleton’ of society.
社会结构 是构成社会的有组织的关系与制度模式，例如家庭、教育和法律体系。它塑造个体的行为。记忆法：结构是社会的“骨架”。
Social institution is an established system that meets a basic social need, such as the family, school, religion, media or government. Institutions regulate behaviour and pass on norms and values.
社会制度 是满足基本社会需求的既定系统，如家庭、学校、宗教、媒体或政府。制度规范行为并传递规范和价值观。
Structuralism is the sociological approach that sees individual behaviour as shaped mainly by social structures. Structuralists are interested in how institutions such as class, family and education produce social order or conflict. Memory hook: structure first, individual second.
结构主义 是一种社会学视角，认为个体行为主要受社会结构塑造。结构主义者关注阶级、家庭和教育等制度如何产生社会秩序或冲突。记忆法：先看结构，再看个人。
Interpretivism is the approach that focuses on how individuals interpret and give meaning to the social world. It prefers qualitative methods to understand motives and meanings. Memory hook: interpretivists ask ‘what does this mean to the person?’
解释主义 是一种关注个体如何理解和赋予社会世界意义的研究取向。它偏好质性方法来理解动机和意义。记忆法：解释主义者追问“这对当事人意味着什么？”
Social construction means that something is created and given meaning through social interaction, rather than being fixed by biology or nature. For example, ideas about childhood, gender roles and crime are socially constructed. Memory hook: society builds the meaning.
社会建构 指事物通过社会互动被创造并赋予意义，而不是由生物或自然固定。例如，童年、性别角色和犯罪的观念都是社会建构的。记忆法：意义由社会“建造”出来。
2. Culture and Identity | 文化与身份
Culture is the learned way of life shared by a group, including language, beliefs, values, customs, dress and food. It is passed on through socialisation, not inherited biologically. Memory hook: culture is the ‘software’ of society, installed by learning.
文化 是一个群体共享的后天习得的生活方式，包括语言、信仰、价值观、习俗、穿着和饮食。它通过社会化传递，而非生物遗传。记忆法：文化是社会的“软件”，通过学习来安装。
Norms are the unwritten rules of behaviour that society expects in particular situations, such as queuing or saying thank you. They guide everyday conduct. Memory hook: norms are the ‘should’ and ‘should not’ rules.
规范 是社会在特定情境中期待的行为准则，例如排队或说谢谢。它们指导日常行为。记忆法：规范就是“应该做”和“不应该做”的规则。
Values are the general beliefs about what is right, wrong and desirable in society, such as honesty, equality and respect. Values are broader than norms and justify the norms. Memory hook: values are the underlying ‘big ideas’.
价值观 是社会关于什么是正确、错误和可取的一般信念，如诚实、平等和尊重。价值观比规范更宽泛，并为规范提供理由。记忆法：价值观是底层的“大观念”。
Subculture is a group within a wider culture that has its own distinctive norms, values and style, but still shares many features of the mainstream culture. Youth subcultures often use music, fashion and slang to express identity.
亚文化 是更广泛文化中的一个群体，它拥有自己独特的规范、价值观和风格，但仍共享主流文化的许多特征。青年亚文化常通过音乐、时尚和俚语表达身份。
Ethnocentrism is judging another culture by the standards of one’s own culture and seeing it as inferior. It can lead to misunderstanding and prejudice. Memory hook: ‘my culture is the centre’.
民族中心主义 是用自己文化的标准去评判另一种文化，并认为它低人一等。它会导致误解和偏见。记忆法：“我的文化是中心”。
Identity is the sense of who we are, formed through social interaction and group membership. Identities can be linked to class, gender, ethnicity, age, nationality and subculture. Memory hook: identity answers ‘who am I?’
身份 是我们对自己是谁的感知，通过社会互动和群体归属形成。身份可与阶级、性别、种族、年龄、国籍和亚文化相关。记忆法：身份回答“我是谁？”
Roles are the expected behaviours attached to a particular social position, such as student, daughter or employee. A role set is all the roles attached to one status. Memory hook: you play a role like an actor in a script.
角色 是依附于特定社会位置的期待行为，例如学生、女儿或雇员。角色集是依附于一个地位的所有角色。记忆法：你像演员按剧本扮演角色。
Ascribed status is a social position fixed at birth or assigned by society, such as being a prince, a daughter or an ethnic group member. Achieved status is gained through effort, such as becoming a doctor or athlete. Memory hook: ascribed is given, achieved is earned.
先赋地位 是出生时确定或由社会赋予的社会位置，例如王子、女儿或某族裔成员。自致地位 是通过努力获得的，例如成为医生或运动员。记忆法：先赋是给的，自致是挣的。
3. Socialisation and Social Control | 社会化与社会控制
Primary socialisation takes place in early childhood, mainly in the family. It teaches basic language, values, norms and emotional bonds. Memory hook: primary = first and most fundamental learning.
初级社会化 发生在幼儿期，主要在家庭中进行。它教授基本的语言、价值观、规范和情感纽带。记忆法：初级即最初、最根本的学习。
Secondary socialisation takes place after primary socialisation through schools, peer groups, media and workplaces. It teaches wider social rules and prepares individuals for adult roles.
次级社会化 发生在初级社会化之后，通过学校、同辈群体、媒体和职场进行。它教授更广泛的社会规则，并让个体为成人角色做准备。
Agents of socialisation are the individuals, groups and institutions that teach norms and values. The main agents are family, school, peer group, media and religion. Memory hook: agents ‘deliver’ the culture.
社会化媒介 是教授规范和价值观的个人、群体与制度。主要媒介包括家庭、学校、同辈群体、媒体和宗教。记忆法：媒介“递送”文化。
Peer group is a group of people of similar age and often similar status. Peer pressure can strongly influence attitudes, fashion, language and behaviour, especially during adolescence.
同辈群体 是年龄相近、地位常相似的一群人。同辈压力会强烈影响态度、时尚、语言和行为，尤其在青春期。
Formal social control is carried out by official agencies such as the police, courts, schools and employers. It uses written rules, laws and formal sanctions, such as fines, detention or imprisonment.
正式社会控制 由警察、法院、学校和雇主等官方机构执行。它使用成文规则、法律和正式制裁，如罚款、留校或监禁。
Informal social control is carried out through everyday interaction, such as family disapproval, gossip, shaming or praise. It is unwritten but often very powerful. Memory hook: informal control is the ‘raised eyebrow’ of society.
非正式社会控制 通过日常互动执行，例如家庭反对、闲话、羞辱或称赞。它不成文但往往非常有力。记忆法：非正式控制就是社会的“挑眉”。
Sanctions are rewards or punishments used to encourage or discourage behaviour. Positive sanctions include praise and prizes; negative sanctions include criticism, fines and imprisonment.
制裁 是用于鼓励或阻止行为的奖励或惩罚。正向制裁包括表扬和奖励；负向制裁包括批评、罚款和监禁。
Conformity is behaving according to accepted norms and values, often because of social pressure or the desire to fit in. It is essential for social order but can also limit individual freedom.
从众 是按照公认的规范和价值观行事，往往是因为社会压力或希望融入群体。它对社会秩序必不可少，但也可能限制个人自由。
4. Social Stratification and Inequality | 社会分层与不平等
Social stratification is the division of society into hierarchical layers based on class, gender, ethnicity, age or other factors. It produces unequal access to resources, power and status. Memory hook: strata are layers in a cake.
社会分层 是根据阶级、性别、种族、年龄或其他因素将社会划分为等级层次。它导致资源、权力和地位的不平等。记忆法：分层就像蛋糕的层次。
Social class is a group of people who share a similar economic position, often based on occupation, income, wealth and education. In many studies class is divided into working, middle and upper class.
社会阶级 是在经济地位上相似的一群人，通常基于职业、收入、财富和教育。许多研究中阶级分为工人阶级、中产阶级和上层阶级。
Life chances refer to the opportunities an individual has to access valued resources such as health, education, housing and employment. They are strongly influenced by class, gender and ethnicity.
生活机会 指个体获得健康、教育、住房和就业等有价值资源的机会。它们受阶级、性别和种族的强烈影响。
Meritocracy is a system where rewards and positions are allocated on the basis of ability and effort, not birth or privilege. Sociologists debate whether education and work are truly meritocratic.
精英统治 是一种根据能力和努力而非出身或特权来分配奖励和职位的制度。社会学家对教育和职场是否真正精英化存在争议。
Social mobility is movement between social classes. Intergenerational mobility is movement between generations; intragenerational mobility is movement during one person’s lifetime. Memory hook: mobility = moving up or down the ladder.
社会流动 指社会阶级之间的移动。代际流动是代际之间的移动；代内流动是一个人一生中的移动。记忆法：流动即沿着阶梯上升或下降。
Absolute poverty is the lack of basic necessities such as food, clean water, shelter and healthcare needed for survival. Relative poverty is being poor compared with the general standard of living in a society.
绝对贫困 是缺乏生存所需的基本必需品，如食物、清洁水、住所和医疗。相对贫困 是与一个社会的总体生活水平相比处于贫穷状态。
Welfare state is a system in which the government provides services and benefits to support citizens, such as healthcare, education, housing and unemployment benefits. It aims to reduce inequality and protect life chances.
福利国家 是政府为公民提供服务与福利的制度，如医疗、教育、住房和失业救济。它旨在减少不平等并保障生活机会。
Prejudice is a preconceived negative attitude towards a group or its members, often based on stereotypes. Discrimination is action that treats people unfairly because of their group membership. Memory hook: prejudice is in the mind, discrimination is in the deed.
偏见 是对某一群体或其成员预先形成的负面态度，通常基于刻板印象。歧视 是因群体归属而不公平对待他人的行为。记忆法：偏见在心里，歧视在行动。
Stereotype is a simplified, exaggerated and often negative image of a group, applied to all its members. Stereotypes ignore individual differences and can lead to prejudice and discrimination.
刻板印象 是对某一群体简化、夸大且常为负面的形象，并套用于所有成员。刻板印象忽视个体差异，可能引发偏见和歧视。
5. Family | 家庭
Family is a group of people related by blood, marriage, adoption or cohabitation who often share an emotional bond and economic unit. A household is a person living alone or a group of people living at the same address, who may or may not be related.
家庭 是由血缘、婚姻、收养或同居联系在一起的一群人，通常共享情感纽带和经济单位。住户 是独自居住或同住一个地址的一群人，他们可能有亲属关系，也可能没有。
Nuclear family consists of a married or cohabiting couple and their dependent children. It is often presented as the traditional family type, but sociologists note family diversity is increasing.
核心家庭 由一对已婚或同居伴侣及其未成年子女组成。它常被描述为传统家庭类型，但社会学家指出家庭多样性在增加。
Extended family includes relatives beyond the nuclear family, such as grandparents, aunts, uncles and cousins, living nearby or in the same household. It can provide strong economic and childcare support.
扩展家庭 包括核心家庭以外的亲属，如祖父母、姨妈、叔伯和堂表亲，住在附近或同一住户。它可以提供强大的经济和育儿支持。
Reconstituted family is formed when one or both partners bring children from previous relationships into a new family. It is sometimes called a stepfamily or blended family.
重组家庭 是一方或双方带着前一段关系中的孩子组建的新家庭。它有时被称为继亲家庭或混合家庭。
Single-parent family consists of one parent raising one or more children. It may result from divorce, separation, death or choice. Single-parent families can face greater economic and time pressures.
单亲家庭 由一个家长抚养一个或多个孩子。它可能源于离婚、分居、死亡或选择。单亲家庭可能面临更大的经济和时间压力。
Symmetrical family is a family in which roles and responsibilities are shared more equally between partners. The term is associated with the idea that family life has become more democratic.
对称家庭 是伴侣之间更平等地分担角色和责任的家族。该术语关联的观点是家庭生活已变得更加民主。
Conjugal roles are the roles of husband and wife within the family. Segregated conjugal roles mean separate duties; joint conjugal roles mean shared tasks and leisure. Memory hook: conjugal = couple roles.
婚姻角色 是家庭内丈夫和妻子的角色。隔离型婚姻角色指分工分离；联合型婚姻角色指共享任务与休闲。记忆法：conjugal 即夫妻角色。
Patriarchy is a social system in which men hold most power and authority in the family and wider society. Feminist sociologists use this concept to explain gender inequality.
父权制 是男性在家庭和更广泛社会中掌握大部分权力与权威的社会制度。女性主义社会学家用这一概念解释性别不平等。
6. Education | 教育
Formal education is the organised learning that takes place in schools, colleges and universities, following a curriculum and leading to qualifications. Informal education is learning from everyday life, family, media and peers.
正规教育 是在学校、学院和大学中进行的有组织学习，遵循课程并导向资格证书。非正规教育 是从日常生活、家庭、媒体和同辈中学习。
Hidden curriculum is the informal learning that schools provide through routines, rules, uniforms and teacher expectations. It teaches obedience, punctuality, competition and conformity. Memory hook: the hidden curriculum is the ‘silent lesson’.
隐性课程 是学校通过日常规范、规则、校服和教师期望提供的非正式学习。它教授服从、守时、竞争和从众。记忆法：隐性课程是“无声的课”。
Labelling is the process of attaching a definition or stereotype to a pupil, such as ‘bright’ or ‘troublemaker’. Teachers may act on the label, and pupils may internalise it. Memory hook: a label is sticky.
标签化 是给学生贴上某种定义或刻板印象的过程，如“聪明”或“捣蛋鬼”。教师可能依据标签行事，学生也可能内化标签。记忆法：标签很粘人。
Self-fulfilling prophecy occurs when a prediction or label makes itself come true. If a pupil is labelled as failing, they may lose confidence and begin to fail. Memory hook: the prophecy writes its own ending.
自我实现的预言 指某种预测或标签使自身成真。如果学生被贴上“失败”的标签，他们可能失去信心并开始失败。记忆法：预言写下了自己的结局。
Streaming is placing pupils into ability groups for most or all subjects. Setting is grouping by ability for a particular subject. Both can reinforce labelling and widen achievement gaps.
分轨 是把学生按能力分入大部分或全部学科的小组。分班 是按能力为某一学科分组。两者都可能强化标签并扩大成绩差距。
Material deprivation is the lack of money and resources needed for educational success, such as books, private tutoring, a quiet study space and adequate housing. It is closely linked to social class.
物质匮乏 是缺乏取得教育成功所需的金钱和资源，如书籍、私教、安静的学习空间和适当的住房。它与社会阶级密切相关。
Cultural deprivation is the idea that some pupils lack the cultural knowledge, language skills and attitudes valued by schools, which can lead to underachievement. Critics say it blames families rather than the education system.
文化匮乏 是一种观点，认为一些学生缺乏学校所看重的文化知识、语言技能和态度，这会导致学业不良。批评者认为它责怪家庭而非教育制度。
7. Crime, Deviance and Media | 犯罪、越轨与媒体
Deviance is behaviour that breaks social norms but is not necessarily illegal, such as dressing unusually or burping loudly. Crime is behaviour that breaks formal laws and is punishable by the state.
越轨 是违反社会规范但不一定违法的行为，如穿着怪异或
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