📚 IGCSE Cambridge Chinese: Formula & Rules Quick Reference | IGCSE 剑桥中文：公式定理速查手册
This quick reference handbook collects the most frequently tested language formulas, sentence patterns, grammar rules, and writing structures for the Cambridge IGCSE Chinese examination. It is organised for fast revision, classroom use, and last-minute review.
本速查手册汇总剑桥 IGCSE 中文考试高频语言公式、句型模式、语法规则与写作结构，适用于快速复习、课堂查阅与考前冲刺。
1. Basic Word Order Formulas | 基本语序公式
The core Chinese sentence follows Subject-Verb-Object order, but time and place usually appear before the verb. Keeping this order prevents many word-order errors.
中文基本句式为“主谓宾”，但时间、地点通常放在动词之前。掌握这一顺序可避免大量语序错误。
主语 + 时间 + 地点 + 动词 + 宾语 (Subject + Time + Place + Verb + Object)
Use 的 to link an adjective phrase to a noun, 地 before a verb, and 得 after a verb to introduce a complement.
“的”连接定语与名词，“地”用于动词前作状语，“得”用于动词后引出补语。
定语 + 的 + 名词 (Attributive + 的 + Noun)
状语 + 地 + 动词 (Adverbial + 地 + Verb)
动词 + 得 + 补语 (Verb + 得 + Complement)
A common mistake is placing time or place after the verb. In Chinese, “I yesterday went to the library” is incorrect; the correct form is “I yesterday to the library went”, with time before place.
常见错误是把时间或地点放在动词之后。中文中“我昨天去了图书馆”不能说成“我去了图书馆昨天”，时间应在前，地点在动词前。
2. Special Sentence Patterns: 把 and 被 | “把”字句与“被”字句
The 把 construction moves the object before the verb to stress what happens to it or how it is disposed of. Use it when the action changes or handles the object.
“把”字句将宾语提前到动词之前，强调动作对宾语的处理或影响，常用于动作改变、处置某物。
主语 + 把 + 宾语 + 动词 + 结果补语/趋向补语
Subject + 把 + Object + Verb + Result/Direction Complement
Example: 我把作业写完了。 (I finished the homework.) The verb must have a complement or an aspect particle, not just a bare verb.
例：我把作业写完了。动词后必须有补语或体助词，不能只用一个光杆动词。
The 被 construction expresses passive meaning. The agent may be omitted if it is unknown or unimportant.
“被”字句表被动，施动者不明或不重要时可省略。
主语 + 被 (+施动者) + 动词 + 补语
Subject + 被 (+Agent) + Verb + Complement
Like 把 sentences, 被 sentences usually require a result or change, so a bare verb such as 看见 cannot fully complete the pattern without a complement.
和“把”字句一样，“被”字句通常需要一个结果或变化，因此“看见”这类光杆动词不能单独完整构成“被”字句。
3. Comparison Structures | 比较句公式
比 is the main comparative structure. The adjective after 比 cannot be preceded by 很.
“比”是最常用的比较句式。比较句中形容词前不能加“很”。
A + 比 + B + 形容词 (+ 数量补语)
A + 比 + B + Adjective (+ Quantity Complement)
Example: 他比我高五厘米。 (He is five centimetres taller than me.)
例：他比我高五厘米。
For negative or inferior comparison, use 没有 or 不如. These two forms are more formal and often appear in reading passages.
否定或劣势比较用“没有”或“不如”。这两种形式更正式，常出现在阅读篇章中。
A + 没有/不如 + B + 形容词
To express equality, use 跟 or 和 with 一样. The adjective is placed after 一样.
表示相同或平等用“跟/和……一样”，形容词放在“一样”之后。
A + 跟/和 + B + 一样 + 形容词
To express gradual change, use 越来越 followed by an adjective. This pattern is very common in opinion and trend questions.
表示渐进变化用“越来越 + 形容词”。这一句型在观点类与趋势类题目中非常常见。
越来越 + 形容词 (more and more + Adjective)
4. Tense and Aspect Markers | 时态与体标记
Chinese uses aspect particles rather than verb conjugation. 了 marks completion or change; 过 marks past experience; 着 marks continuous state.
中文用体助词表示时间概念，不改变动词形态。“了”表完成或变化，“过”表经历，“着”表持续状态。
动词 + 了 + 宾语 (Verb + 了 + Object) — completion
动词 + 过 (+宾语) (Verb + 过 + Object) — experience
正在 + 动词 (+宾语) (正在 + Verb + Object) — progressive
要/快要/就要 + 动词 + 了 — near future
Do not use 了 with every past event; it is not a true past tense marker. For example, stative verbs such as 是 and 有 usually do not take 了 to indicate past time.
并非所有过去事件都要用“了”，“了”并非严格意义上的过去时标记。例如，“是”“有”等静态动词通常不用“了”表示过去时间。
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Correct: 昨天我是学生代表。 (Yesterday I was the student representative.)
正确：昨天我是学生代表。
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Incorrect: 昨天我是了学生代表。
错误：昨天我是了学生代表。
5. Correlative Conjunctions | 关联词搭配公式
These paired connectives are heavily tested in cloze exercises, reading comprehension, and writing. Their pairings are fixed; changing one part often causes errors.
关联词搭配是完形填空、阅读理解与写作高频考点，搭配固定，换用容易出错。
| 中文搭配 | English Function | Use |
| 因为…所以… | cause-effect | 给出原因与结果 |
| 虽然…但是… | concession | 承认事实后转折 |
| 如果…就… | condition | 提出假设条件 |
| 只要…就… | sufficient condition | 满足条件即可 |
| 只有…才… | necessary condition | 唯一必要条件 |
| 不但…而且… | addition/advance | 递进补充 |
| 与其…不如… | preference | 比较选择 |
| 先…然后… | sequence | 表示先后顺序 |
When using 虽然 and 但是, do not add 但是 in every clause; the pair is enough. Overuse makes the sentence heavy and informal.
使用“虽然……但是……”时，不要在每个分句中都加“但是”，一对搭配已足够，过度使用会使句子沉重且不自然。
6. Fixed Expressions and Idioms | 书面语成语与四字格公式
Set expressions act as ready-made blocks in writing. Using them accurately improves register, coherence, and marks for language accuracy.
固定表达和四字格是写作中的现成语块，准确使用可提升语体、衔接与语言准确性得分。
| 中文表达 | English Meaning | Suggested Context |
| 举足轻重 | play a decisive role | 议论文说明重要性 |
| 显而易见 | obviously / evidently | 引出明显事实 |
| 综上所述 | in summary | 结尾总结 |
| 与此同时 | at the same time | 表示并列或同时发生 |
| 截然不同 | completely different | 对比观点或事物 |
| 相辅相成 | complement each other | 说明两者关系 |
| 归根到底 | in the final analysis | 总结原因或本质 |
| 从古至今 | from ancient times to the present | 引入历史背景 |
Do not force idioms into every sentence. One or two precise idioms per paragraph are enough to show high-level vocabulary without sounding unnatural.
不要在每个句子中硬塞成语。每段一到两个准确的成语足以展示高级词汇，同时避免表达生硬。
7. Reading Comprehension Answer Formulas | 阅读题型答题公式
IGCSE reading questions can be answered with clear formulas: locate, paraphrase, and stay within the text.
IGCSE 阅读题可用清晰公式作答：定位、转述、紧扣原文。
For detail questions, identify the keyword in the question, scan the passage for that keyword, then rewrite the relevant information in your own words.
细节题先确定题目关键词，再回原文定位，找到相关信息后用自己的话转述。
定位关键词 + 原文信息 + 简洁转述
For main idea questions, combine the main person or object, the core event, and the result or significance.
主旨题将主要人物或对象、核心事件与结果或意义结合起来。
人物/对象 + 主要事件 + 结果/意义
For vocabulary-in-context questions, give the dictionary meaning, then the contextual meaning, and finally explain
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