📚 IGCSE CCEA Geography: Core Knowledge Revision | IGCSE CCEA 地理：核心知识点梳理
This revision guide summarises the essential knowledge required for the IGCSE CCEA Geography specification. It is designed to help you review key ideas, definitions, processes and case-study skills before the final examination.
本复习指南总结了 IGCSE CCEA 地理课程所需的必备知识，旨在帮助你在期末考试前回顾核心概念、定义、过程与案例研究技能。
1. Map Skills and Grid References | 地图技能与网格坐标
Map skills are fundamental in CCEA Geography. You must be able to use four-figure and six-figure grid references to locate features on Ordnance Survey maps.
地图技能是 CCEA 地理的基础。你必须能够使用四位和六位网格坐标在测量局地图上定位地物。
A six-figure grid reference is written as eastings first, then northings: for example, 245 638. Remember ‘along the corridor and up the stairs’.
六位网格坐标先写东向坐标，再写北向坐标，例如 245 638。记住先沿走廊走，再上楼梯。
Scale converts map distance to real ground distance. If the scale is 1:50,000, then 1 cm on the map equals 50,000 cm (0.5 km) on the ground.
比例尺将图上距离换算为实际地面距离。若比例尺为 1:50,000，则图上 1 厘米等于地面 50,000 厘米（0.5 千米）。
Contour lines show height and relief. Closely spaced contours indicate steep slopes, while widely spaced contours indicate gentle slopes. You should also be able to identify valleys, spurs and ridges.
等高线表示高度与地形起伏。等高线密集表示陡坡，等高线稀疏表示缓坡。你还应能够识别山谷、山嘴和山脊。
2. River Environments and Processes | 河流环境与过程
Rivers shape the landscape through erosion, transportation and deposition. These processes vary along the river’s long profile from source to mouth.
河流通过侵蚀、搬运和沉积作用塑造地貌。这些过程在河流从源头到河口的纵剖面上有所变化。
Erosion includes hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition and solution. Transportation involves traction, saltation, suspension and solution.
侵蚀作用包括水力作用、磨蚀、磨耗和溶蚀。搬运作用包括推移、跃移、悬移和溶解。
Discharge (m³/s) = Cross-sectional area (m²) × Velocity (m/s)
Discharge is calculated as cross-sectional area multiplied by velocity. A rising discharge increases flood risk.
流量等于横截面积乘以流速。流量上升会增加洪水风险。
Upper-course landforms include V-shaped valleys, interlocking spurs and waterfalls. A waterfall forms where a band of hard rock overlies softer rock; the soft rock is undercut and a plunge pool develops.
上游地貌包括 V 形谷、交错山嘴和瀑布。当硬岩层覆盖在软岩层之上时，软岩被掏蚀，形成跌水潭，从而产生瀑布。
Middle and lower courses develop meanders, oxbow lakes, floodplains and deltas. Flooding occurs when river discharge exceeds channel capacity, often after heavy or prolonged rainfall.
中游和下游发育曲流、牛轭湖、泛滥平原和三角洲。当河流流量超过河道容量时，通常在大雨或持续降雨后发生洪水。
3. Coastal Environments and Management | 海岸环境与管理
Waves erode cliffs by hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition and solution. Destructive waves have a strong backwash and remove beach material, while constructive waves are gentler and build up beaches.
海浪通过水力作用、磨蚀、磨耗和溶蚀侵蚀悬崖。破坏性海浪具有强回流并带走海滩物质，而建设性海浪较平缓并堆积海滩。
Erosional landforms include cliffs, wave-cut platforms, caves, arches, stacks and stumps. These develop where rock is weakened along joints and faults.
侵蚀地貌包括海蚀崖、海蚀平台、海蚀洞、海拱、海蚀柱和海蚀残柱。它们常沿节理和断层等薄弱部位发育。
Longshore drift moves sediment along the coast in a zig-zag pattern. This leads to depositional landforms such as beaches, spits and bars.
沿岸漂移以锯齿状路径沿海岸搬运沉积物，从而形成海滩、沙嘴和沙坝等堆积地貌。
Coastal management strategies include hard engineering such as sea walls, groynes and rock armour, and soft engineering such as beach nourishment and managed retreat. Each strategy has economic, social and environmental costs and benefits.
海岸管理策略包括硬工程，如防波堤、丁坝和抛石护岸，以及软工程，如补沙和有管理退让。每种策略都有经济、社会和环境方面的成本与收益。
4. Weather, Climate and Rainfall Types | 天气、气候与降雨类型
Weather is the day-to-day condition of the atmosphere, while climate is the average weather of a place over at least 30 years.
天气是指大气逐日状况，而气候是一个地方至少 30 年的平均天气状况。
Three main rainfall types are relief or orographic, convectional and frontal rainfall. Relief rainfall occurs when moist air is forced to rise over hills, cooling and condensing.
三种主要降雨类型为地形雨、对流雨和锋面雨。地形雨发生在湿润空气被迫抬升越过山丘、冷却凝结时。
The UK climate is influenced by latitude, altitude, distance from the sea, prevailing winds and the North Atlantic Drift. Western areas are generally milder and wetter than eastern areas.
英国气候受纬度、海拔、距海远近、盛行风和北大西洋暖流影响。西部通常比东部更温和、更湿润。
A climate graph shows monthly average temperature as a line and precipitation as bars. You must be able to describe and interpret seasonal patterns and total ranges.
气候图用折线表示月平均气温，用柱状表示降水量。你必须学会描述并解释季节变化规律和总变幅。
5. Tectonic Hazards: Earthquakes and Volcanoes | 构造灾害：地震与火山
The Earth’s crust is broken into tectonic plates that move slowly due to convection currents in the mantle. Most earthquakes and volcanoes occur along plate boundaries.
地壳分为多个构造板块，因地幔对流而缓慢移动。大多数地震和火山活动发生在板块边界。
At divergent boundaries, plates move apart and new crust forms; at convergent boundaries, plates collide and one plate may subduct; at transform boundaries, plates slide past each other.
在离散边界，板块分离，新地壳生成；在汇聚边界，板块碰撞，可能发生俯冲；在转换边界，板块水平滑动。
Published by TutorHao | IGCSE Geography Revision Series | aleveler.com更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
屏轩国际教育cambridge primary/secondary checkpoint, cat4, ukiset,ukcat,igcse,alevel,PAT,STEP,MAT, ibdp,ap,ssat,sat,sat2课程辅导，国外大学本科硕士研究生博士课程论文辅导