📚 IGCSE CCEA History: Core Knowledge Organiser | IGCSE CCEA 历史：核心知识点梳理
This revision guide summarises the core knowledge for IGCSE CCEA History. It covers the main depth studies – Germany 1918-1945, Russia 1914-1941, Northern Ireland 1965-1985 – and the outline study of International Relations 1945-2003. Use it to check your recall and identify gaps before the exam.
本复习指南总结 IGCSE CCEA 历史的核心知识点，涵盖主要深度研究单元——德国 1918-1945、俄国 1914-1941、北爱尔兰 1965-1985，以及概述研究单元国际关系 1945-2003。考前可用它检查记忆并找出薄弱环节。
1. Weimar Republic: Origins and Crisis 1918-1923 | 魏玛共和国：起源与危机 1918-1923
The Weimar Republic was born after Germany’s defeat in World War I. In November 1918, Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated and a new democratic government signed the Armistice.
魏玛共和国诞生于德国一战战败之后。1918 年 11 月，德皇威廉二世退位，新民主政府签署了停战协定。
The Weimar Constitution gave all Germans over 20 the vote, but proportional representation produced many small parties and weak coalitions. Article 48 allowed the president to rule by decree in an emergency.
魏玛宪法赋予所有 20 岁以上德国人投票权，但比例代表制导致小党林立、联合政府软弱。第 48 条允许总统在紧急状态下通过法令统治。
The Treaty of Versailles deeply angered Germans because of the war guilt clause, reparations, loss of land and military restrictions. Nationalists called the government “the November criminals”.
《凡尔赛条约》因战争罪责条款、赔款、领土损失和军事限制激怒了德国人。民族主义者称政府为 “十一月罪犯”。
In 1923, the occupation of the Ruhr by France and Belgium and hyperinflation brought the Republic to the brink of collapse. The currency became worthless and savings were wiped out.
1923 年，法国和比利时占领鲁尔区以及恶性通货膨胀使共和国濒临崩溃。货币一文不值，储蓄化为乌有。
2. Stresemann Era and Recovery 1924-1929 | 施特雷泽曼时代与复苏 1924-1929
Gustav Stresemann, as chancellor and foreign minister, introduced the Rentenmark to stabilise the currency and negotiated the Dawes Plan in 1924 for US loans and more manageable reparations.
古斯塔夫·施特雷泽曼作为总理和外交部长，推出地产抵押马克稳定货币，并在 1924 年谈判达成道威斯计划，获得了美国贷款和更易承受的赔款安排。
The Locarno Treaties of 1925 and Germany’s entry into the League of Nations in 1926 restored Germany’s international standing. This period is often called the “Golden Twenties”.
1925 年的洛迦诺条约和 1926 年德国加入国际联盟恢复了德国的国际地位。这一时期常被称为 “黄金二十年代”。
However, economic recovery relied heavily on US loans called the Dawes and Young Plans. If the USA recalled those loans, Germany would be vulnerable.
然而，经济复苏严重依赖道威斯计划和杨格计划提供的美国贷款。如果美国收回贷款，德国就会十分脆弱。
3. Rise of the Nazi Party 1929-1933 | 纳粹党的崛起 1929-1933
The Wall Street Crash in 1929 triggered a global depression. In Germany, unemployment soared to over 6 million and support for extreme parties grew rapidly.
1929 年华尔街崩盘引发全球经济萧条。在德国，失业人数飙升至 600 万以上，极端政党的支持率迅速上升。
Hitler’s Nazi Party offered simple solutions: overturn Versailles, create jobs through public works and rearmament, and blame the Jews and communists for Germany’s problems.
希特勒的纳粹党提出简单的解决方案：废除凡尔赛条约，通过公共工程和重整军备创造就业，并把德国的问题归咎于犹太人和共产党人。
In the elections of 1932, the Nazis became the largest party in the Reichstag. Hitler was not elected chancellor by a majority, but in January 1933 President Hindenburg appointed him chancellor.
1932 年选举中，纳粹党成为国会第一大党。希特勒并未以多数票当选总理，但 1933 年 1 月兴登堡总统任命他为总理。
4. Nazi Consolidation of Power 1933-1934 | 纳粹政权的巩固 1933-1934
The Reichstag Fire in February 1933 was used to pass the Reichstag Fire Decree, which suspended civil liberties and allowed the arrest of communists and other opponents.
1933 年 2 月的国会纵火案被用来通过国会纵火法令，中止公民自由并允许逮捕共产党人和其他反对者。
The Enabling Act of March 1933 gave Hitler the power to make laws without the Reichstag for four years. It was passed with intimidation and the support of the Centre Party.
1933 年 3 月的授权法案赋予希特勒四年内无需国会即可制定法律的权力。该法案在恐吓下通过，并得到中央党的支持。
The Night of the Long Knives in June 1934 saw Hitler purge the SA leadership and other rivals. After Hindenburg’s death in August 1934, Hitler became Führer and Reich Chancellor.
1934 年 6 月的长刀之夜中，希特勒清洗了冲锋队领导层和其他政敌。1934 年 8 月兴登堡去世后，希特勒成为元首兼帝国总理。
5. Life in Nazi Germany 1933-1939 | 纳粹德国时期的生活 1933-1939
The Nazis controlled society through propaganda led by Joseph Goebbels, censorship of the press, the Hitler Youth and the League of German Maidens, and the Nazified education system.
纳粹通过戈培尔领导的政治宣传、新闻审查、希特勒青年团和德意志少女联盟，以及纳粹化的教育体系控制社会。
Women were encouraged to focus on Kinder, Küche, Kirche (children, kitchen, church), though rearmament and labour shortages later forced many women back into work.
妇女被鼓励专注于孩子、厨房、教会，尽管重整军备和劳动力短缺后来迫使许多妇女重新工作。
Nazi economic policies reduced unemployment through public works such as the autobahns, rearmament and the introduction of conscription. But wages were low and unions were banned.
纳粹经济政策通过高速公路等公共工程、重整军备和征兵制降低了失业率。但工资很低，工会也被禁止。
Persecution of Jews escalated from the 1933 boycott and Nuremberg Laws (1935) to the pogrom of Kristallnacht in November 1938, when synagogues were burned and thousands were arrested.
对犹太人的迫害从 1933 年的抵制运动和 1935 年纽伦堡法案升级到 1938 年 11 月的 “水晶之夜” 大屠杀，当时犹太会堂被烧毁，数千人被捕。
6. Russia: The February Revolution 1917 | 俄国：二月革命 1917
Russia’s involvement in World War I brought huge casualties, food shortages and inflation. Tsar Nicholas II’s decision to take personal command of the army made him directly responsible for defeats.
俄国参加一战造成巨大伤亡、粮食短缺和通货膨胀。沙皇尼古拉二世决定亲自指挥军队，使他直接为战败负责。
In February 1917 (March by the Western calendar), strikes and bread riots in Petrograd turned into a revolution. The army refused to fire on protesters, and the Tsar abdicated.
1917 年 2 月（公历 3 月），彼得格勒的罢工和面包骚乱演变为革命。军队拒绝向抗议者开火，沙皇宣布退位。
A Provisional Government took power but continued the war and delayed land reform. The Petrograd Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies held real power in the capital, creating “dual power”.
临时政府掌权但继续战争并推迟土地改革。彼得格勒工兵代表苏维埃在首都拥有实际权力，形成 “双重政权”。
7. The October Revolution and Lenin’s Rule 1917-1924 | 十月革命与列宁的统治 1917-1924
In October 1917, the Bolsheviks led by Lenin seized power in a nearly bloodless coup. The Second Congress of Soviets passed decrees on peace and land, giving land to peasants.
1917 年 10 月，列宁领导的布尔什维克以几乎不流血的政变夺取政权。第二次全俄苏维埃代表大会通过和平法令和土地法令，将土地分给农民。
The Bolsheviks signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany in March 1918, surrendering huge areas of western Russia. This allowed them to focus on winning the Civil War.
1918 年 3 月，布尔什维克与德国签署《布列斯特-立托夫斯克和约》，割让了俄国西部大片领土。这使他们能够集中精力赢得内战。
War Communism brought nationalisation and grain requisitioning, causing famine and unrest. In 1921 Lenin introduced the New Economic Policy (NEP), allowing some private trade and farming.
战时
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