IGCSE WJEC Chinese: Formula and Rules Quick Reference Handbook | IGCSE WJEC 中文：公式定理速查手册

📚 IGCSE WJEC Chinese: Formula and Rules Quick Reference Handbook | IGCSE WJEC 中文：公式定理速查手册

This quick reference handbook collects the essential formulas, patterns and rules for IGCSE WJEC Chinese. It is designed for revision before mocks and final exams, covering sentence building, connectives, rhetoric, punctuation, reading and writing strategies.

本速查手册汇集 IGCSE WJEC 中文考试的核心公式、句型与规则，适用于模拟考和正式考试前的复习，涵盖句子构造、关联词、修辞、标点、阅读与写作策略。

1. Sentence Core Formula | 句子核心公式

Every Chinese sentence starts from a clear core. The basic declarative pattern is subject + verb + object. When you add time and place, the time phrase usually comes before the verb and often before the subject, while the place phrase often follows the subject.

每个中文句子都从一个清晰的核心开始。基本陈述句公式是主语 + 动词 + 宾语。加入时间和地点时，时间词通常放在动词前，并常置于主语前；地点词常放在主语之后。

主语 + 时间 + 地点 + 动词 + 宾语

Use “不” for general or future negation and “没” for past or completed actions. The “把” sentence and “被” sentence are two common rearrangements of the same core.

一般否定用“不”，对过去或完成的动作否定用“没”。“把”字句和“被”字句是同一核心结构的两种常见变式。

Affirmative: S + V + O — 我吃苹果。
Negative: S + 不/没 + V + O — 我不吃苹果。/ 我没吃苹果。
Yes/no question: S + V + O + 吗？ — 你吃苹果吗？
Passive: 受事 + 被 + 施事 + V + 结果 — 苹果被我吃完了。
Ba-construction: S + 把 + O + V + 结果 — 我把苹果吃完了。

2. Key Connective Formulas | 高频关联词公式

Connectives show logical relations. Use each paired pattern exactly as a formula: the first clause signals the relation, and the second clause completes it.

关联词体现逻辑关系。要像公式一样使用配对结构：前一个分句提示关系，后一个分句完成语义。

因为 + 原因，所以 + 结果

虽然 + 让步，但是 + 转折

The most common pairs are cause-consequence, concession-contrast, condition-result and progression. Memorise the paired words as one unit to avoid broken structures.

最常见的配对是因果、让步转折、条件结果和递进。把配对关联词作为一个整体记忆，能避免结构残缺。

Logical relation	Chinese formula	Example
Cause → effect	因为……所以……	因为下雨，所以比赛延期。
Concession → contrast	虽然……但是……	虽然很累，但是很开心。
Condition → result	如果……就……	如果明天下雨，我们就不去公园。
Only condition	只有……才……	只有努力，才能进步。
Progression	不但……而且……	他不但会说中文，而且会写汉字。

3. Rhetorical Devices Toolkit | 修辞手法速查

Rhetorical devices are tested in reading and can improve writing. Use the answer formula: device + quoted words + intended effect.

修辞手法在阅读中常考，也能提升写作。答题公式为：修辞手法 + 引用词句 + 表达效果。

修辞手法 + 原文语句 + 生动形象地写出 + 特点 + 表达情感

Common devices include metaphor, personification, parallelism, hyperbole, rhetorical question, rhetorical ask-answer, antithesis and metonymy. Each has a recognisable pattern and a typical effect.

常见修辞包括比喻、拟人、排比、夸张、反问、设问、对偶和借代。每种都有可识别的模式和典型效果。

Metaphor 比喻：A像B / A是B — 她的笑容像阳光一样温暖。 Effect: vivid and concrete.
Personification 拟人：give human qualities to things — 小草从土里探出头来。 Effect: warm and lively.
Parallelism 排比：three or more similar structures — 心灵是一方广袤的天空，它包容着世间的一切。 Effect: powerful rhythm.
Hyperbole 夸张：deliberate exaggeration — 教室里静得连一根针掉在地上都听得见。 Effect: highlight a feature.
Rhetorical question 反问：question with obvious answer — 难道我们不应该保护环境吗？ Effect: strengthen tone.
Ask-answer 设问：ask then answer — 什么是幸福？幸福就是内心的满足。 Effect: attract attention.

4. Punctuation Rules | 标点符号规则

Chinese punctuation differs from English: the full stop is a hollow circle, and lists use the enumeration comma “、”. Book and article titles use the book title mark “《》”.

中文标点与英文不同：句号是空心圆“。”，列举词语用顿号“、”。书名和文章名用书名号“《》”。

逗号，句号。顿号、分号；冒号：引号 ” ” 书名号《》省略号 ……

In typed exam scripts, use clear and consistent punctuation. Avoid using English commas in Chinese lists, and do not replace the Chinese full stop with an English period.

在考试书写中，标点要清晰一致。中文列举不要用英文逗号，也不要用英文句号代替中文句号。

Full stop 。 — 句末结束。
Comma ， — 分句内部停顿。
Enumeration comma 、 — 并列词语之间，如：苹果、香蕉、橘子。
Semicolon ； — 并列分句之间，如：他喜欢读书；她喜欢画画。
Colon ： — 引出下文或列举，如：原因如下：第一，天气不好。
Quotation marks ” ” — 引用、强调或特殊含义，如：他说：”你好。”
Book title mark 《》 — 书、文章、电影名，如：《西游记》。

5. Common Grammar Traps | 常见语法陷阱

Avoid typical errors in word order, aspect particles and structural particles. The formula “的 + noun, 地 + verb, 得 + complement” is essential.

避免语序、动态助词和结构助词的常见错误。“的 + 名词、地 + 动词、得 + 补语”公式至关重要。

定语 + 的 + 名词；状语 + 地 + 动词；动词 + 得 + 补语

“了” marks completion or change, “着” marks ongoing duration, and “过” marks past experience. Do not confuse them in narrative writing.

“了”表示完成或变化，“着”表示持续，“过”表示过去的经历。在记叙文写作中不要混淆。

我看了书。 — I read a book. (completed)
我看着书。 — I am reading a book. (ongoing)
我看过书。 — I have read books. (experience)
我的书。 — my book (的 + noun)
认真地学习。 — study seriously (地 + verb)
跑得快。 — run fast (得 + complement)

Also check measure words such as 个、张、本、只、条、件、双、支. The wrong measure word is a common avoidable error.

还要检查量词，如个、张、本、只、条、件、双、支。量词误用是常见但可避免的错误。

6. Reading Comprehension Strategy | 阅读理解解题公式

Use a step formula for reading papers: read questions first, underline keywords, locate the paragraph, compare options, and write complete answers.

阅读题使用步骤公式：先读题目、划关键词、定位段落、对比选项、写出完整答案。

读题 → 划关键词 → 定位原文 → 对比选项 → 完整作答

For detail questions, find the exact sentence. For main-idea questions, look at the first and last lines. For inference questions, use textual clues without adding outside opinions.

细节题要找到原句；主旨题要关注首尾句；推断题要用文中线索，不加入外部观点。

Detail question: locate keyword + read the same paragraph + choose the paraphrase.
Main idea: check title + first sentence + last sentence.
Inference: search for attitude words + implied meaning + eliminate extreme options.
Vocabulary in context: replace the word in the sentence + test each option.

7. Writing Structure Formulas | 写作结构公式

Different text types have fixed structures. Learn the formula for each type before the exam so you can plan quickly.

不同文体有固定结构。考前记住每种文体的公式，考试时就能快速构思。

记叙文：开头 + 起因 + 经过 + 高潮 + 结果 + 点题

议论文：论点 + 论据 + 论证 + 结论

For narrative writing, show the event step by step and end with a reflection. For argumentative writing, state the viewpoint first, then support it with reasons and examples.

记叙文要按步骤写出事件，结尾点题；议论文要先亮明观点，再用理由和例子支撑。

Narrative 记叙文：beginning → cause → process → climax → result → theme.
Argumentative 议论文：position → argument 1 → example → argument 2 → conclusion.
Expository 说明文：definition → features → classification → function → example.
Letter 书信：greeting → opening → body → closing → signature and date.
Speech 演讲稿：address → hook → viewpoint → reasons/examples → call to action.

8. Literary Text Analysis Formulas | 文学文本分析公式

For prose and poetry analysis, use the formula: identify technique, quote evidence, explain effect, and link to theme or emotion.

分析散文和诗歌时，使用公式：指出手法 + 引用原文 + 解释效果 + 联系主题或情感。

手法 + 原文 + 生动形象地写出 + 事物特点 + 表达作者 + 情感

When analysing a character, gather evidence from appearance, action, speech and psychology to infer personality. When analysing environment description, link it to atmosphere, mood and plot.

分析人物时，从外貌、动作、语言和心理描写中找依据推断性格。分析环境描写时，要联系气氛、人物心情和情节发展。

Published by TutorHao | IGCSE Chinese Revision Series | aleveler.com

更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）

IGCSE WJEC Chinese: Formula and Rules Quick Reference Handbook | IGCSE WJEC 中文：公式定理速查手册