📚 IGCSE WJEC Geography: Core Knowledge Review | IGCSE WJEC 地理：核心知识点梳理
This revision guide summarises the core knowledge required for the IGCSE WJEC Geography specification. It covers map skills, physical geography, human geography and geographical skills. Use it alongside case studies and past papers to build a strong foundation for your exams.
本复习指南总结 IGCSE WJEC 地理大纲要求的核心知识，涵盖地图技能、自然地理、人文地理和地理技能。请结合案例研究和历年真题使用，为考试打下扎实基础。
1. Map Skills and Geographical Enquiry | 地图技能与地理调查
A four-figure grid reference locates a grid square, while a six-figure grid reference locates a specific point inside that square. Remember to read eastings first, then northings (‘along the corridor and up the stairs’).
四位数网格坐标定位网格方格，六位数网格坐标定位方格内的具体点。记住先读东距，再读北距（’先横后纵’）。
Scale can be shown as a ratio (1:50 000), a statement (2 cm = 1 km) or a line scale. On a 1:50 000 map, 1 cm represents 500 m, and 2 cm represents 1 km.
比例尺可用比率（1:50 000）、文字说明（2 厘米 = 1 公里）或线段比例尺表示。在 1:50 000 地图上，1 厘米代表 500 米，2 厘米代表 1 公里。
Contour lines show height and relief. Closely spaced contours indicate a steep slope; widely spaced contours indicate a gentle slope. A contour interval is the vertical difference between adjacent lines.
等高线显示高度和地形。等高线密集表示陡坡，稀疏表示缓坡。等高距是相邻等高线之间的垂直高差。
Gradient = vertical rise ÷ horizontal distance
坡度 = 垂直升高 ÷ 水平距离
Cross-sections are drawn from contour lines to show relief. GIS (Geographic Information Systems) layers data such as roads, rivers and land use.
断面图根据等高线绘制，用于显示地形起伏。地理信息系统（GIS）分层显示道路、河流和土地利用等数据。
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