IGCSE WJEC History: Key Terms Rapid Revision Guide | IGCSE WJEC 历史：词汇术语速记指南

📚 IGCSE WJEC History: Key Terms Rapid Revision Guide | IGCSE WJEC 历史：词汇术语速记指南

In IGCSE WJEC History, exam success depends heavily on your ability to use the right historical vocabulary with precision. Command words such as “describe”, “explain” and “evaluate” are not enough on their own; you also need to control terms for chronology, sources, causation, political systems, war and social change. This bilingual rapid revision guide groups key terms by theme, gives clear definitions and shows you how to memorise them efficiently.

在 IGCSE WJEC 历史考试中，能否准确使用历史词汇很大程度上决定你的成绩。仅掌握 “描述”、”解释” 和 “评价” 等指令词还不够，你还需要熟练掌握年代、史料、因果、政治体制、战争和社会变化等方面的术语。这份双语速记指南按主题归类核心术语，给出清晰定义，并帮助你高效记忆。

1. Chronology and Time Terms | 年代与时间术语

Chronology means arranging events in the order in which they happened. WJEC questions often ask you to place events on a timeline, to explain change over time, or to judge whether an event was a turning point. You must be able to use terms such as century, decade, era, BC/BCE, AD/CE and circa correctly.

年代学是指按事件发生的先后顺序进行排列。WJEC 考题经常要求你在时间轴上排列事件、解释随时间发生的变化，或判断某个事件是否为转折点。你必须能正确使用世纪、十年、时代、公元前/公元、约等术语。

Historians also distinguish between the short term and the long term. A short-term cause operates quickly, while a long-term cause builds up over many years. Similarly, a short-term consequence appears immediately, whereas a long-term consequence may take decades to become clear.

历史学家还区分短期和长期。短期原因很快产生作用，而长期原因是多年积累而成。同样，短期后果很快显现，而长期后果可能需要数十年才变得清晰。

Decade – 十年，例如 1920s 指 1920-1929 年。
Century – 世纪，例如 20th century 指 1901-2000 年。
Circa (c.) – 大约，用于日期不精确时。
Era – 时代，如 Elizabethan Era 伊丽莎白时代。
BC/AD, BCE/CE – 公元前/公元，公元后。

2. Sources and Evidence | 史料与证据

A source is any material left from the past that historians use as evidence. Sources can be written, visual, oral, physical or statistical. WJEC papers often include source-based questions that ask you to use the content and provenance of a source to support an argument.

史料是历史学家用作证据的任何过去遗留下来的材料。史料可以是文字的、图像的、口头的、实物的或统计的。WJEC 试卷常包含基于史料的题目，要求你利用史料的内容和来源出处来支持论点。

Primary sources come from the time being studied, such as letters, photographs, diaries, government records and artefacts. Secondary sources are produced later, often by historians, and include textbooks, biographies and documentaries. Both types are useful, but they must be used critically.

一手史料来自所研究的时期，例如信件、照片、日记、政府档案和文物。二手史料是后来产生的，通常由历史学家完成，包括教科书、传记和纪录片。两类史料都很有用，但必须批判性地使用。

A useful quick check is to ask: Who made this source? When? Why? Who was the intended audience? These questions help you move from describing a source to using it as evidence.

一个有用的快速检查方法是问：谁制作了这份史料？何时？为什么？目标受众是谁？这些问题帮助你从描述史料提升到把史料作为证据使用。

3. Reliability, Bias and Provenance | 可靠性、偏见与来源出处

Reliability means whether a source can be trusted for a particular enquiry. A source may be reliable for one question but unreliable for another. You should never call a source simply reliable or unreliable without explaining why in relation to the question.

可靠性是指一份史料在特定探究中是否值得信赖。同一份史料对某个问题可能可靠，对另一个问题可能不可靠。你绝不能简单地说一份史料可靠或不可靠，而不联系问题解释原因。

Bias is a one-sided viewpoint. A biased source may still be useful evidence, because it can reveal the attitudes, motives and values of the person or group that produced it. When evaluating bias, consider the author’s background, political position and purpose.

偏见是一种片面观点。有偏见的史料仍然可以是有用的证据，因为它能揭示制作者或制作群体的态度、动机和价值观。在评价偏见时，要考虑作者背景、政治立场和目的。

Provenance refers to the origin of a source: who made it, when, where and for what purpose. WJEC mark schemes reward answers that use provenance to challenge or support a source’s content.

来源出处指史料的来源：谁制作的、何时、何地以及出于什么目的。WJEC 评分标准奖励那些利用来源出处来质疑或支持史料内容的答案。

Reliability – 可靠性：是否可信。
Bias – 偏见：片面视角。
Provenance – 出处：来源背景。
Utility – 有用性：对某个问题有多大帮助。
Cross-reference – 互证：与其他史料对照检验。

4. Cause, Consequence and Significance | 原因、后果与重要性

In history, a cause is a factor that helps produce an event or development. WJEC questions often ask about the main cause, short-term and long-term causes, or which cause was the most important. You need to explain links between causes, not just list them.

在历史中，原因是帮助促成某一事件或发展的因素。WJEC 题目经常问主要原因、短期和长期原因，或哪个原因最重要。你需要解释原因之间的联系，而不只是罗列它们。

A consequence is a result or impact of an event. Consequences can be intended or unintended, positive or negative, political, social, economic or cultural. Strong answers weigh consequences and link them to evidence.

后果是事件的结果或影响。后果可以是有意的或无意的，积极的或消极的，政治、社会、经济或文化方面的。优秀答案会权衡不同后果，并把它们与证据联系起来。

Significance asks why an event, person or development matters. To judge significance, consider how deeply people were affected, how long the effects lasted, how many people were involved, and whether it changed the course of later events.

重要性是问某个事件、人物或发展为何重要。判断重要性时，要考虑人们受影响的深度、影响持续时间、涉及人数，以及它是否改变了后来事件的进程。

Use linking phrases such as “this led to”, “as a result”, “this made a major contribution because” and “the most significant consequence was” to make causation and consequence clear in your writing.

使用 “这导致”、”因此”、”这之所以有重大贡献是因为” 和 “最重要的后果是” 等连接短语，在写作中清晰表达原因和后果。

5. Change, Continuity and Turning Points | 变革、延续与转折点

Change describes how things became different over time, while continuity describes what stayed the same. Most historical periods contain both. WJEC questions sometimes ask “How far did life change?” or “To what extent was there continuity?” You must discuss both sides.

变革描述事物如何随着时间变得不同，延续则描述保持不变的部分。大多数历史时期两者兼有。WJEC 题目有时问 “生活发生了多大变化？” 或 “在多大程度上存在延续？” 你必须讨论两方面。

A turning point is a moment when the direction of events changes sharply. Examples often used in IGCSE history include the First World War, the Russian Revolution, the Wall Street Crash, and the end of the Cold War. Not every important event is a turning point; you should justify why the course of history changed.

转折点是事件发展方向发生急剧变化的时刻。IGCSE 历史中常用的例子包括第一次世界大战、俄国革命、华尔街崩盘和冷战结束。并非每个重要事件都是转折点；你应当论证历史进程为何发生变化。

Use comparative language such as “before this, … but after this, …”, “there was rapid change in … but continuity in …”, and “the pace of change accelerated because …” to show precise historical thinking.

使用 “在此之前……但在此之后……”、”……发生了迅速变化，但……仍有延续”、”变化速度加快是因为……” 等比较性语言，展现精确的历史思维。

6. Political Systems and Ideologies | 政治体制与意识形态

Political terms appear across many WJEC topics, from Nazi Germany to the Cold War. Democracy means government by the people, usually through elected representatives. Dictatorship means rule by one person or a small group without free elections or legal opposition.

政治术语出现在许多 WJEC 主题中，从纳粹德国到冷战。民主是指由人民通过选举代表进行治理。独裁是指由个人或小团体统治，没有自由选举或合法反对派。

Communism is an ideology based on shared ownership of property and a classless society, as seen in the Soviet Union. Capitalism is based on private ownership, profit and free markets, as seen in the USA. Fascism is a far-right ideology that glorifies the nation, strong leadership and military power, as seen in Mussolini’s Italy.

共产主义是一种基于财产公有和无阶级社会的意识形态，苏联即为典型。资本主义以私有制、利润和自由市场为基础，美国即为典型。法西斯主义是一种极右意识形态，崇尚国家、强人领导和军事力量，墨索里尼统治下的意大利即为典型。

Nationalism is pride in and loyalty to one’s nation, which can unite people but also lead to conflict. Imperialism is the building of empires by taking control of other territories. Militarism is the belief that a country should maintain a strong military and be prepared to use it aggressively.

民族主义是对自己民族的自豪和忠诚，它既能团结人民，也可能导致冲突。帝国主义是通过控制其他领土建立帝国。军国主义是认为国家应保持强大军队并准备积极使用武力的信念。

English term	中文术语	Quick definition
Democracy	民主	Rule by the people through elections
Dictatorship	独裁	Rule by one person or group without free opposition
Communism	共产主义	Shared ownership and a classless society
Capitalism	资本主义	Private ownership and free markets
Fascism	法西斯主义	Far-right ideology based on extreme nationalism

7. War and Conflict Terms | 战争与冲突术语

War and conflict terminology is central to many WJEC topics, especially Germany in Transition and the First World War. An alliance is an agreement between countries to support each other. Alliances can deter attack, but they can also drag many countries into war.

战争与冲突术语是许多 WJEC 主题的核心，尤其是德国转型和第一次世界大战。同盟是国家之间互相支持的协议。同盟可以威慑进攻，但也可能把许多国家拖入战争。

An armistice is an agreement to stop fighting, but it is not the same as a peace treaty. A treaty is a formal agreement between states. Reparations are payments or compensation demanded from a defeated country after war, such as those imposed on Germany by the Treaty of Versailles.

停战协定是停止战斗的协议，但它不等于和平条约。条约是国家间的正式协议。赔款是战后向战败国索取的款项或补偿，例如《凡尔赛条约》强加给德国的赔款。

Total war means that a country mobilises all its resources, including civilians and industry, for the war effort. Propaganda is used to shape public opinion, while censorship controls information to protect morale and security. Trench warfare describes the static front-line fighting of the First World War, and blitzkrieg was the fast-moving German tactic of the Second World War.

总体战是指国家动员包括平民和工业在内的所有资源用于战争。宣传用于塑造舆论，审查则控制信息以保护士气和安全。堑壕战描述一战前线的静态阵地战，闪电战是二战中德国的快速进攻战术。

Alliance – 同盟：国家间的互助协议。
Armistice – 停战协定：停止战斗的协议。
Reparations – 赔款：战败国支付的补偿。
Treaty – 条约：正式国际协议。
Total war – 总体战：全民和全部资源投入战争。
Propaganda – 宣传：影响公众舆论的信息。
Censorship – 审查：对信息的控制。
Blitzkrieg – 闪电战：快速机械化进攻。

8. International Relations and the Cold War | 国际关系与冷战

The Cold War was a period of tension between the capitalist USA and communist USSR from about 1945 to 1991. It was called cold because the two superpowers never fought each other directly on a major scale; instead they competed through threats, arms races and proxy wars.

冷战是大约 1945 至 1991 年间资本主义美国和共产主义苏联之间的紧张时期。称之为冷，是因为两个超级大国从未大规模直接交战，而是通过威胁、军备竞赛和代理人战争进行竞争。

The Iron Curtain was the symbolic division between communist Eastern Europe and democratic Western Europe. The USA adopted a policy of containment to stop the spread of communism. This led to the formation of NATO by the West and the Warsaw Pact by the Soviet bloc.

铁幕是共产主义东欧与民主西欧之间的象征性分界线。美国采取遏制政策来阻止共产主义扩散。这导致西方成立北约，苏联阵营成立华约。

A satellite state was a country officially independent but in reality controlled by the USSR. An arms race is a competition to build more powerful weapons, and a proxy war is a war fought between other states but backed by the superpowers, such as in Korea or Vietnam. Détente was the easing of Cold War tensions in the 1970s.

卫星国是名义上独立但实际上受苏联控制的国家。军备竞赛是制造更强大武器的竞争，代理人战争是由其他国家之间进行但得到超级大国支持的战争，例如朝鲜或越南。缓和是 20 世纪 70 年代冷战紧张局势的缓解。

When writing about the Cold War, avoid describing it as a single battle. Use terms such as crisis, confrontation, influence, sphere of influence and ideological rivalry to show secure knowledge.

在写冷战时，不要把它描述成一场单一战斗。使用危机、对抗、影响力、势力范围和意识形态竞争等术语，展现扎实的知识。

9. Social, Civil Rights and Economic Terms | 社会、民权与经济术语

Social history terms appear in topics such as the USA 1910-1929, the development of the USA 1929-2000, and changes in health and medicine. Suffrage means the right to vote. Emancipation means freeing people from legal, social or political restrictions. Segregation is the enforced separation of racial groups, while apartheid was the official system of racial segregation in South Africa.

社会史术语出现在美国 1910-1929、美国 1929-2000 发展，以及健康与医学变革等主题中。选举权指投票权。解放指使人们摆脱法律、社会或政治限制。种族隔离是强制将种族群体分开，而南非种族隔离是南非官方的种族隔离制度。

Civil rights are the rights of citizens to political and social freedom and equality. A boycott is a refusal to buy or use goods as a form of protest. Non-violent protest uses peaceful methods such as marches, sit-ins and boycotts, as used by the civil rights movement in the USA.

民权是公民享有政治和社会自由及平等的权利。抵制是拒绝购买或使用商品作为一种抗议形式。非暴力抗议使用和平方式，如游行、静坐和抵制，美国民权运动就采用了这些方法。

Economic terms also matter. A depression is a severe and long-term fall in economic activity, such as the Great Depression after 1929. Inflation is a general rise in prices, and hyperinflation is extremely rapid inflation, as seen in Germany in 1923. A command economy is controlled by the state, while a free market economy is driven by private enterprise.

经济术语也很重要。萧条是经济活动严重且长期的下降，例如 1929 年后的大萧条。通货膨胀是物价普遍上涨，恶性通货膨胀是极快速的通货膨胀，如 1923 年德国的情况。计划经济由国家控制，而自由市场经济由私营企业驱动。

Suffrage – 选举权：投票的权利。
Segregation – 种族隔离：强制种族分离。
Civil rights – 民权：公民的自由和平等权利。
Boycott – 抵制：拒绝购买或使用作为抗议。
Depression – 萧条：严重长期的经济下滑。
Hyperinflation – 恶性通货膨胀：物价飞涨。
Command economy – 计划经济：国家控制经济。

10. Revision Strategies for Key Terms | 术语速记策略

To remember key terms, do not just read lists. Write each term on one side of a flashcard and the definition plus an example from your WJEC topic on the other. Test yourself regularly, and whenever you miss a card, place it in a pile to review the next day.

记忆关键术语时，不要只是阅读列表。把每个术语写在一张提示卡的一面，把定义和 WJEC 主题中的例子写在另一面。定期自测，每当答错一张卡片，就把它放入第二天复习的堆中。

Create mnemonics and acronyms. For source evaluation, use the letters C-O-P: Content, Origin, Purpose. For explaining causation, remember P-E-E: Point, Evidence, Explanation. For judging significance, use D-L-I-S: Depth of impact, Length of impact, Importance at the time, Scale of people affected.

创造助记法和首字母缩写。史料评价可用 C-O-P：内容 (Content)、出处 (Origin)、目的 (Purpose)。解释因果时记住 P-E-E：观点 (Point)、证据 (Evidence)、解释 (Explanation)。判断重要性时使用 D-L-I-S：影响深度、影响长度、当时重要性、受影响人群规模。

Use timelines to fix chronology in your memory. Place events on a timeline with dates and labels, then cover the dates and test yourself. Group terms into themes such as war, politics, economics and society so that your brain builds meaningful connections rather than isolated facts.

使用时间轴把年代顺序固定在记忆中。把事件放在时间轴上并标注日期和标签，然后盖住日期自测。把术语按战争、政治、经济和社会等主题分组，让大脑建立有意义的联系，而不是死记孤立的事实。

Finally, practise applying terms in full sentences. Instead of writing “there was inflation”, write “Germany suffered hyperinflation in 1923, which wiped out savings and created a sense of crisis”. Precise vocabulary, used in context, is what earns high marks in WJEC IGCSE History.

最后，练习在完整句子中应用术语。不要只写 “存在通货膨胀”，而要写 “1923 年德国遭受恶性通货膨胀，使储蓄化为乌有，造成危机感”。在语境中准确使用词汇，才是 WJEC IGCSE 历史考试拿高分的关键。

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IGCSE WJEC History: Key Terms Rapid Revision Guide | IGCSE WJEC 历史：词汇术语速记指南