📚 IGCSE WJEC Philosophy: Key Vocabulary & Terms Quick Memory Guide | IGCSE WJEC 哲学：关键词汇术语速记指南
This guide condenses the most frequently examined philosophical terms in IGCSE WJEC Philosophy into paired English-Chinese explanations. Each term is linked to arguments, ethics or religion questions so you can recall it quickly under exam pressure.
本指南将 IGCSE WJEC 哲学中最常见的哲学术语浓缩为中英对照解释。每个术语都对应论证、伦理或宗教问题，帮助你在考试压力下快速回忆。
1. Core Concepts: Philosophy, Metaphysics, Epistemology, Ethics | 核心概念：哲学、形而上学、认识论、伦理学
Philosophy means ‘love of wisdom’. In WJEC IGCSE Philosophy, it is the critical study of assumptions behind ordinary beliefs, and examiners expect you to identify the branch of philosophy being used in a source.
哲学意为 ‘爱智慧’。在 WJEC IGCSE 哲学中，它是对日常信念背后假设的批判性研究，考官希望你能识别材料中所使用的哲学分支。
Metaphysics is the study of reality and existence, asking whether the world is wholly physical, whether time is real, and whether God exists. WJEC questions often bundle these as the ‘ultimate questions’.
形而上学是研究实在与存在的学问，追问世界是否完全是物质的、时间是否真实、上帝是否存在。WJEC 试题常将这些归纳为 ‘终极问题’。
Epistemology is the theory of knowledge: what can we know, and how do we know it? Key questions include the reliability of the senses and reason, which appears in design and cosmological argument evaluation.
认识论是知识论：我们能知道什么，我们如何知道？关键问题包括感官和理性的可靠性，这在对设计论证和宇宙论论证的评估中会出现。
Ethics, or moral philosophy, studies right and wrong action. In IGCSE WJEC Philosophy, ethics often overlaps with religious responses to issues such as abortion, euthanasia and war.
伦理学，或称道德哲学，研究行为的对错。在 IGCSE WJEC 哲学中，伦理常与宗教对堕胎、安乐死和战争等议题的回应重叠。
2. Arguments and Logic: Premise, Conclusion, Validity, Soundness | 论证与逻辑：前提、结论、有效性、可靠性
A premise is a reason offered in support of a conclusion. An argument has at least one premise, while the conclusion is the claim the argument tries to establish. Being able to separate these is an essential WJEC skill.
前提是为支持结论而给出的理由。一个论证至少有一个前提，而结论是该论证试图确立的论断。能够区分两者是 WJEC 的基本技能。
Validity is a property of deductive arguments: if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true. Validity concerns logical form, not actual truth, so an argument can be valid even with false premises.
有效性是演绎论证的一种属性：如果前提为真，则结论必然为真。有效性关乎逻辑形式，而非事实上的真假，因此一个论证即使前提错误也可能是有效的。
A sound argument is both valid and has all true premises. WJEC exam answers should distinguish validity from soundness to reach the top band in evaluation questions.
可靠论证是既有效且所有前提都真实的论证。WJEC 考试答案应区分有效性与可靠性，以便在评估题中获得最高等级。
Deductive reasoning aims at certainty, while inductive reasoning draws a probable conclusion from evidence but cannot guarantee it. The cosmological argument is often treated as deductive; the design argument is often inductive.
演绎推理追求确定性，而归纳推理从证据中得出可能的结论，但不能保证其必然为真。宇宙论论证常被视为演绎推理；设计论证常被视为归纳推理。
3. Sources of Knowledge: A Priori, A Posteriori, Empiricism, Rationalism | 知识来源：先验、后验、经验主义、理性主义
A priori knowledge is independent of sense experience, such as ‘all bachelors are unmarried’. A posteriori knowledge depends on experience, such as ‘water boils at 100°C at sea level’. These labels help you classify arguments for God.
先验知识独立于感官经验，例如 ‘所有单身汉都未婚’。后验知识依赖于经验，例如 ‘水在海平面100°C沸腾’。这些标签有助于你对关于上帝的论证进行分类。
Empiricism claims that the main source of knowledge is the five senses. John Locke argued that the mind begins as a blank slate, or tabula rasa, meaning all ideas come from experience.
经验主义主张知识的主要来源是五种感官。约翰·洛克论证，心灵最初是一块白板，即 tabula rasa，意味着所有观念都来自经验。
Rationalism claims that reason is the primary source of knowledge because the senses can deceive us. Descartes used rational doubt to reach ‘I think, therefore I am’, which WJEC often uses as a key quotation.
理性主义主张理性是知识的主要来源，因为感官可能欺骗我们。笛卡尔通过理性怀疑得出 ‘我思故我在’，WJEC 常将其作为关键引言使用。
A good exam answer will state whether an argument is a priori or a posteriori, then evaluate whether this makes it more or less persuasive. This shows precise philosophical language.
高分考试答案会指出一个论证是先验还是后验，然后评估这使它更有说服力还是更缺乏说服力。这展示了精确的哲学语言。
4. Existence and Reality: Dualism, Materialism, Idealism | 存在与实在：二元论、唯物主义、唯心主义
Substance dualism holds that mind and body are two distinct substances: mental and physical. Descartes defended this view because he could doubt the body but not the thinking self.
实体二元论认为心灵与身体是两种不同的实体：精神实体和物质实体。笛卡尔辩护此观点，因为他能怀疑身体，却不能怀疑思考中的自我。
Materialism, or physicalism, claims that only physical matter exists, so mental states are ultimately brain states. This avoids the problem of how a non-physical soul interacts with the body, but it struggles to explain subjective experience.
唯物主义，或称物理主义，主张只有物质存在，因此心理状态最终就是大脑状态。这避免了非物质灵魂如何与身体相互作用的问题，但它难以解释主观经验。
Idealism claims that reality is fundamentally mental or dependent on minds. WJEC questions may contrast idealism with realism about the external world and ask whether reality is mind-independent.
唯心主义主张实在根本上是精神的，或依赖于心灵。WJEC 试题可能将唯心主义与关于外部世界的实在论进行对比，并问实在是否独立于心灵。
When evaluating dualism, WJEC examiners award marks for naming the interaction problem: how can an immaterial mind cause physical movement? Use this as a critical tool.
在评估二元论时，WJEC 考官会给指出 ‘相互作用问题’ 的答案加分：非物质的思维如何能引起身体运动？把它当作关键批评工具。
5. God and Religion: Theism, Atheism, Agnosticism, Teleological and Cosmological Arguments | 上帝与宗教：有神论、无神论、不可知论、目的论论证与宇宙论论证
Theism is belief in at least one personal God. Atheism is the absence of belief in God; agnosticism is the view that we cannot know whether God exists. WJEC expects precise definitions of these positions.
有神论是相信至少有一位人格化上帝。无神论是不相信上帝存在；不可知论认为我们无法知道上帝是否存在。WJEC 要求对这些立场给出精确的定义。
The teleological argument, or design argument, infers a designer from apparent order and purpose in nature. William Paley’s watch analogy is a classic IGCSE example: a watch implies a watchmaker.
目的论论证，或称设计论证，从自然界中明显的秩序和目的推出设计者存在。威廉·佩利的钟表类比是 IGCSE 的经典例子：钟表意味着钟表匠。
The cosmological argument argues from the existence of the universe to a first cause or necessary being. Aquinas’ First Way is a common exam source, using the premise that everything in motion needs a prior mover.
宇宙论论证从宇宙的存在推出第一因或必然存在者。阿奎那的第一路论证是常见的考试来源，其前提是运动中的任何东西都需要一个在先的推动者。
The problem of evil challenges theism: if God is all-powerful and all-loving, why does suffering exist? WJEC expects the free will defence and soul-making theodicy in responses.
恶的问题挑战有神论：如果上帝全能且全爱，为何苦难存在？WJEC 要求答案中掌握自由意志辩护和灵魂塑造神义论。
6. Ethics: Deontology, Consequentialism, Utilitarianism, Situation Ethics | 伦理学：义务论、后果论、
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