📚 IGCSE WJEC Politics: Key Vocabulary Rapid Revision Guide | IGCSE WJEC 政治：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering political terminology is not about memorising a dictionary. It is about linking each term to a concrete example, a word root or a comparison so it sticks under exam pressure.
掌握政治术语并不是背词典，而是把每个术语与具体例子、词根或对比联系起来，使其在考试压力下也能牢固提取。
1. Why Structured Vocabulary Matters | 为什么结构化词汇记忆很重要
In WJEC IGCSE Politics, command words such as ‘define’, ‘explain’ and ‘evaluate’ reward precise use of terms. A candidate who writes ‘parliamentary sovereignty’ instead of ‘the government can do anything’ immediately shows higher-level knowledge.
在 WJEC IGCSE 政治中，像 “定义”、”解释” 和 “评价” 这样的指令词会奖励准确使用术语的考生。写出 “议会主权” 而非 “政府可以为所欲为” 的学生能立刻展示更高层次的知识。
Grouping terms into clusters such as power, participation and accountability makes revision faster. A small number of memory hooks can cover a wide range of exam answers.
将术语分组为权力、参与和问责等集群，可以让复习更快。少量的记忆钩子就能覆盖大范围的考试答案。
2. Power, Authority and Legitimacy | 权力、权威与合法性
Power is the ability to make someone act in a way they otherwise would not. It can be exercised through force, reward or persuasion.
权力是使他人按照其本来不会采取的方式行动的能力。它可以通过强制、奖励或说服来行使。
Authority is the right to exercise power, usually attached to a role such as a judge or prime minister. A teacher has authority within a classroom because the role gives them the right to direct learning.
权威是行使权力的权利，通常与法官或首相这样的职位挂钩。教师在教室里拥有权威，是因为这个角色赋予了他们指导学习的权利。
Legitimacy means citizens accept that the ruler or government has the right to rule. Legitimate rule tends to be more stable than rule based only on fear.
合法性意味着公民接受统治者或政府拥有统治的权利。具有合法性的统治往往比仅仅依靠恐惧的统治更稳定。
Memory hook: Power is the engine, authority is the licence, legitimacy is the passenger consent.
记忆法：权力是发动机，权威是驾照，合法性是乘客的同意。
3. Democracy and Authoritarian Rule | 民主与威权统治
Democracy comes from the Greek words demos (people) and kratos (power or rule). It means rule by the people.
民主源于希腊语 demos（人民）和 kratos（权力或统治），意思是人民统治。
In a representative democracy, citizens elect politicians to make decisions on their behalf. In a direct democracy, citizens vote on every issue themselves.
在代议制民主中，公民选举政治家代表自己作出决定。在直接民主中，公民自己对每个议题投票。
Dictatorship is the opposite: power is held by one person or a small group, with little or no free electoral choice. Totalitarianism goes further by seeking to control every part of society, including media, education and private belief.
独裁则相反：权力由一人或一个小团体掌握，几乎没有或根本没有自由选举选择。极权主义更进一步，试图控制社会的每个部分，包括媒体、教育和私人信仰。
Memory hook: democracy = people + power; dictatorship = one voice; totalitarianism = no private space.
记忆法：民主 = 人民 + 权力；独裁 = 一个声音；极权 = 没有私人空间。
4. Constitution, Sovereignty and the Rule of Law | 宪法、主权与法治
A constitution is the set of rules that establishes how a state is governed. It sets out the powers of institutions and the rights of citizens. A codified constitution is written in one document, while an uncodified constitution is spread across laws, conventions and traditions.
宪法是规定国家如何治理的一套规则。它规定了机构的权力和公民的权利。成文宪法写在一份文件中，而不成文宪法分散在法律、惯例和传统中。
Sovereignty is supreme legal authority. In the UK, parliamentary sovereignty means Parliament can make or repeal any law, and no Parliament can bind its successor.
主权是最高的法律权威。在英国，议会主权意味着议会可以制定或废除任何法律，而且任何议会都不能约束其继任者。
The rule of law is the principle that everyone, including government ministers, is subject to the same law. It protects citizens from arbitrary power.
法治是这样一个原则：包括政府部长在内的每个人都受同一法律约束。它保护公民免受专断权力的侵害。
Memory hook: constitution is the game’s rulebook, sovereignty is the highest referee, rule of law says even the referee can be booked.
记忆法：宪法是比赛规则手册，主权是最高裁判，法治意味着连裁判都可能被出示黄牌。
5. The Three Branches of Government | 政府三大分支
The executive proposes policy and puts laws into effect. In the UK it includes the Prime Minister, Cabinet and civil service.
行政机关提出政策并执行法律。在英国，它包括首相、内阁和公务员系统。
The legislature makes and amends laws. In the UK Parliament, it consists of the House of Commons, the House of Lords and the monarch.
立法机关制定和修改法律。在英国议会中，它由下议院、上议院和君主组成。
The judiciary interprets the law and ensures it is applied fairly. Courts can review whether public bodies have acted within their legal powers.
司法机关解释法律并确保其得到公正适用。法院可以审查公共机构是否在法律权限内行事。
Separation of powers means spreading power between these three branches to prevent abuse. Checks and balances let each branch limit the others.
三权分立是指将权力分散在这三个分支之间，以防止滥用。制衡使每个分支都能制约其他分支。
Memory hook: executive = hands that act, legislature = mouth that speaks the law, judiciary = eyes that read the law.
记忆法：行政机关是行动的手，立法机关是宣布法律的嘴，司法机关是阅读法律的眼睛。
6. Elections, Suffrage and Representation | 选举、选举权与代表
Suffrage means the right to vote. Universal suffrage extends this right to all adult citizens regardless of gender, class or ethnicity.
选举权是投票的权利。普选权将这一权利扩展到所有成年公民，不论性别、阶级或族裔。
A constituency is a geographical area that elects a representative. Each UK constituency returns one Member of Parliament under the current Westminster system.
选区是选出一名代表的地理区域。在目前的威斯敏斯特制度下，每个英国选区选出一名议员。
A mandate is the authority given to a winning party or candidate to carry out their manifesto. High turnout often strengthens a mandate because it shows broader public engagement.
授权是获胜政党或候选人获得执行其竞选宣言的权力。高投票率往往会加强授权，因为它表明更广泛的公众参与。
Memory hook: suffrage is the ticket, constituency is the seat, mandate is the permission slip from voters.
记忆法：选举权是门票，选区是座位，授权是选民签发的许可条。
7. Electoral Systems: FPTP and Proportional Representation | 选举制度：简单多数制与比例代表制
First Past the Post (FPTP) means the candidate with the most votes in each constituency wins. It tends to produce stable single-party governments but can leave small parties under-represented.
简单多数制（FPTP）意味着在每个选区得票最多的候选人获胜。它往往产生稳定的单一政党政府，但可能使小政党代表性不足。
Proportional Representation (PR) aims to match the share of seats to the share of votes. It can produce fairer representation but often leads to coalition governments.
比例代表制（PR）旨在使席位比例与选票比例相匹配。它可能带来更公平的代表，但常常导致联合政府。
| Feature | First Past the Post (FPTP) | Proportional Representation (PR) |
|---|---|---|
| Basic rule | Most votes wins the seat | Seats reflect vote share |
| Typical outcome | Strong single-party government | Coalition or multi-party government |
| Voter choice | One candidate per constituency | Often lists or ranked choices |
| Constituency link | Strong MP-constituency link | Weaker local link |
| WJEC example context | UK House of Commons elections | Senedd Cymru regional list system |
Memory hook: FPTP is a winner-takes-all race; PR is a mirror that reflects every vote grouping
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