IGCSE WJEC Psychology: Key Terms Memory Guide | IGCSE WJEC 心理学：词汇术语速记指南

📚 IGCSE WJEC Psychology: Key Terms Memory Guide | IGCSE WJEC 心理学：词汇术语速记指南

In WJEC IGCSE Psychology, many marks come from using precise psychological vocabulary rather than everyday descriptions. This guide gives you a topic-by-topic glossary with memory aids, paired translations and quick revision tables.

在 WJEC IGCSE 心理学中，许多分数来自使用准确的心理学术语，而不是日常描述。本指南为你提供按主题分类的术语表、记忆技巧、中英配对和快速复习表。

1. Why Terminology Matters | 为什么术语重要

A term such as ‘validity’ has a specific technical meaning; examiners expect you to define it and apply it to a study, not just use it loosely.

像 ‘validity’ 这样的术语有特定的技术含义；考官希望你给出定义并把它应用到研究中，而不是随意使用。

Learning terms in paired English-Chinese chunks helps you rehearse both meaning and translation under time pressure.

用中英配对的方式学习术语，能帮助你在时间压力下同时复习含义与翻译。

Many mark schemes award points only when the correct psychological vocabulary appears, so the right word can change your grade.

许多评分方案只有在出现正确心理学术语时才给分，因此用对词能改变你的分数等级。

This guide groups terms by topic and offers memory tricks so you can retrieve them quickly in the exam.

本指南按主题分组术语并提供记忆技巧，让你在考试中能快速提取。

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2. Research Methods Essentials | 研究方法核心术语

The independent variable (IV) is the factor the researcher changes or manipulates, while the dependent variable (DV) is the factor measured.

自变量（IV）是研究者改变或操纵的因素，而因变量（DV）是被测量的因素。

An extraneous variable is any extra factor that could affect the DV; if it changes with the IV it becomes a confounding variable.

额外变量是任何可能影响因变量的额外因素；如果它随自变量变化，就会成为混淆变量。

A hypothesis is a testable statement. An alternative hypothesis predicts a difference or relationship; a null hypothesis predicts no effect.

假设是一个可检验的陈述。备择假设预测有差异或关系；虚无假设预测没有效应。

A sample is the group studied, drawn from a target population. Random sampling gives every member an equal chance; opportunity sampling uses whoever is available.

样本是被研究的群体，来自目标人群。随机抽样使每个成员有平等机会；机会抽样使用容易找到的人。

Reliability means consistency of results; validity means whether a study measures what it intends to measure.

信度指结果的一致性；效度指研究是否测量了它想要测量的东西。

Ethical terms include informed consent, avoidance of deception, debrief, right to withdraw, confidentiality and protection from harm.

伦理术语包括知情同意、避免欺骗、事后解释、退出权、保密和免受伤害。

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3. Biological Approach Terms | 生物心理学取向术语

The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord; the peripheral nervous system (PNS) connects the CNS to the rest of the body.

中枢神经系统（CNS）由脑和脊髓组成；周围神经系统（PNS）把中枢神经系统与身体其他部分连接起来。

A neuron is a nerve cell. It communicates across a synapse by releasing neurotransmitters such as serotonin or dopamine.

神经元是神经细胞。它通过释放血清素或多巴胺等神经递质，在突触处进行通讯。

Key brain areas include the frontal lobe for planning and control, the temporal lobe for hearing and language, and the occipital lobe for vision.

关键脑区包括负责计划与控制的额叶、负责听觉和语言的颞叶，以及负责视觉的枕叶。

The limbic system, including the amygdala and hippocampus, is linked to emotion and memory.

边缘系统包括杏仁核和海马体，与情绪和记忆有关。

Brain scanning techniques include MRI for structure and fMRI for brain activity; PET tracks metabolic changes and EEG records electrical activity.

脑成像技术包括用于结构的 MRI 和用于脑活动的 fMRI；PET 跟踪代谢变化，EEG 记录电活动。

Genotype is genetic makeup; phenotype is observable characteristics. Twin and adoption studies help researchers separate genes from environment.

基因型是遗传组成；表现型是可观察的特征。双生子和收养研究帮助研究者区分基因与环境。

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4. Cognitive Approach Terms | 认知心理学取向术语

Memory involves encoding, storage and retrieval. Encoding changes information into a usable form; storage keeps it; retrieval accesses it later.

记忆包括编码、存储和提取。编码把信息转化为可用形式；存储保存信息；提取随后读取信息。

The multi-store model divides memory into sensory memory, short-term memory and long-term memory, each with different capacity, duration and coding.

多存储模型把记忆分为感觉记忆、短时记忆和长时记忆，每类在容量、持续时间和编码上不同。

Short-term memory usually holds about 5-9 items for around 15-30 seconds; long-term memory has potentially unlimited capacity and duration.

短时记忆通常能保持 5-9 个项目约 15-30 秒；长时记忆的容量和持续时间可能是无限的。

The working memory model includes the central executive, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad and episodic buffer, which process different types of information.

工作记忆模型包括中央执行系统、语音回路、视觉空间模板和情景缓冲器，它们处理不同类型的信息。

Forgetting can occur through interference, decay, displacement or retrieval failure. Interference is when one memory disrupts another.

遗忘可能由干扰、衰退、替代或提取失败造成。干扰是指一段记忆扰乱另一段记忆。

A schema is a mental framework based on experience. Perception uses top-down processing driven by expectations and bottom-up processing driven by sensory data.

图式是基于经验的思维框架。知觉使用由预期驱动的自上而下加工，以及由感觉数据驱动的自下而上加工。

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5. Social Influence Terms | 社会影响术语

Conformity is a change in behaviour or belief due to group pressure. Compliance is public agreement; internalisation is private acceptance.

从众是由于群体压力而改变行为或信念。顺从是表面同意；内化是私下接受。

Obedience is following a command from an authority figure. An agentic state occurs when a person acts as an agent for authority and feels less personal responsibility.

服从是听从权威人物的命令。代理状态是指一个人作为权威的代理行事，感到个人责任减少。

Normative social influence is conforming to be liked; informational social influence is conforming because you believe others know better.

规范社会影响是为了被喜欢而从众；信息社会影响是因为你相信他人知道得更多而从众。

The bystander effect is the tendency for people to help less when others are present. Diffusion of responsibility and pluralistic ignorance explain this.

旁观者效应是指有他人在场时人们更少提供帮助的倾向。责任扩散和多数无知可以解释这一现象。

Minority influence can change a majority through consistency, commitment and flexibility. Deindividuation reduces self-awareness in crowds and can increase impulsive behaviour.

少数派影响可以通过一致性、投入和灵活性改变多数派。去个体化降低群体中的自我意识，可能增加冲动行为。

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6. Developmental Psychology Terms | 发展心理学术语

Attachment is an emotional bond between infant and caregiver. Ainsworth identified secure, insecure-avoidant, insecure-resistant and disorganised attachment types.

依恋是婴儿与照料者之间的情感纽带。安斯沃斯识别了安全型、不安全回避型、不安全反抗型和混乱型依恋。

Separation anxiety is distress when a caregiver leaves; stranger anxiety is wariness of unfamiliar people. A critical period is a limited time window for attachment formation.

分离焦虑是照料者离开时的痛苦；陌生人焦虑是对陌生人的警惕。关键期是形成依恋的有限时间窗口。

Imprinting is rapid learning that occurs in some animals shortly after birth, as studied by Lorenz.

印刻是一些动物出生后不久发生的快速学习，由洛伦兹研究。

Parenting styles include authoritarian, authoritative, permissive and uninvolved. Authoritative parenting combines warmth with clear boundaries.

教养方式包括专制型、权威型、放任型和忽视型。权威型教养结合了温暖与清晰界限。

Piaget used schema, assimilation and accommodation to explain cognitive development. Object permanence, conservation and egocentrism are key milestones.

皮亚杰用图式、同化和顺应解释认知发展。客体永久性、守恒和中心化是重要里程碑。

Moral development can be divided into preconventional, conventional and postconventional levels in Kohlberg’s theory.

柯尔伯格理论把道德发展分为前习俗水平、习俗水平和后习俗水平。

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7. Individual Differences and Mental Health Terms | 个体差异与心理健康术语

Abnormality can be defined by statistical infrequency, deviation from social norms, failure to function adequately, and deviation from ideal mental health.

异常可以通过统计罕见、偏离社会规范、功能不良和偏离理想心理健康等标准来定义。

A phobia is an excessive fear of an object or situation; depression involves persistent low mood; obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) involves obsessions and compulsions.

恐惧症是对物体或情境的过度恐惧；抑郁症涉及持续低落情绪；强迫症包括强迫观念和强迫行为。

Diagnosis uses classification systems such as the DSM or ICD. A symptom is a feature reported by a patient; a sign is observed by

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