Completing the Square | 配方法完全平方

📚 Completing the Square | 配方法完全平方

Completing the square is a key algebraic technique in the Edexcel IGCSE Mathematics syllabus. It allows you to rewrite quadratic expressions in a form that reveals the turning point of a parabola and helps solve equations that cannot be factorised easily.

配方法(又称“完全平方法”)是Edexcel IGCSE数学考纲中的一个核心代数技巧。它能把二次表达式改写成一种直接揭示抛物线顶点坐标的形式,还能帮助你解那些不容易因式分解的方程。


1. What Is Completing the Square? | 什么是配方法

A quadratic expression in the form x² + bx + c can be rewritten as (x + p)² + q, where p and q are constants. This process is called completing the square.

形如 x² + bx + c 的二次表达式可以改写成 (x + p)² + q 的形式,其中 pq 是常数。这个过程就称为配方法。

x² + bx + c = (x + b/2)² − (b/2)² + c

Notice that the constant term is adjusted by subtracting the square of half the coefficient of x.

注意,常数项需要减去 x 系数一半的平方来进行调整。


2. The Basic Rule | 基本规则

For any quadratic x² + bx, you take half of b, write it inside the bracket with x, and then subtract the square of that half.

对于任意二次项 x² + bx,你取 b 的一半,把它和 x 一起写在括号内,然后减去这一半的平方。

  • Half of b: b/2
  • Square: (b/2)²
  • Result: (x + b/2)² − (b/2)²
  • b 的一半:b/2
  • 平方:(b/2)²
  • 结果:(x + b/2)² − (b/2)²

This works for any value of b, positive or negative.

无论 b 是正数还是负数,这个方法都适用。


3. Worked Example 1 | 示例1

Complete the square for x² + 6x + 5.

x² + 6x + 5 配成完全平方形式。

Step 1: Take half of 6, which is 3. Write (x + 3)².

第一步:取 6 的一半,即 3。写出 (x + 3)²

Step 2: Subtract 3² = 9 to keep the expression equal to the original x² + 6x part.

第二步:减去 3² = 9,以保持表达式与原 x² + 6x 部分相等。

x² + 6x = (x + 3)² − 9

Step 3: Add the original constant 5: (x + 3)² − 9 + 5 = (x + 3)² − 4.

第三步:加上原来的常数5:(x + 3)² − 9 + 5 = (x + 3)² − 4

So x² + 6x + 5 = (x + 3)² − 4.

因此 x² + 6x + 5 = (x + 3)² − 4


4. Worked Example 2 | 示例2

Complete the square for x² − 8x + 2.

x² − 8x + 2 配成完全平方形式。

Half of −8 is −4, so we begin with (x − 4)².

−8 的一半是 −4,所以先写 (x − 4)²

(x − 4)² = x² − 8x + 16

The original expression has x² − 8x, so we must subtract 16: (x − 4)² − 16. Then add the constant 2.

原表达式是 x² − 8x,所以必须减去16:(x − 4)² − 16。然后加上常数2。

x² − 8x + 2 = (x − 4)² − 14

Always check: expand (x − 4)² − 14 gives x² − 8x + 16 − 14 = x² − 8x + 2

务必检查:展开 (x − 4)² − 14x² − 8x + 16 − 14 = x² − 8x + 2


5. When the Coefficient of x² is Not 1 | 当x²的系数不为1时

If the quadratic is written as ax² + bx + c with a ≠ 1, first factor out a from the first two terms.

如果二次式是 ax² + bx + c 且 a ≠ 1,先把 a 从前两项中提取出来。

Example: 2x² + 8x + 3.

例:2x² + 8x + 3

Factor out 2 from 2x² + 8x:

从 2x² + 8x 中提取2:

2(x² + 4x) + 3

Now complete the square inside the brackets: x² + 4x = (x + 2)² − 4.

现在对括号内配方:x² + 4x = (x + 2)² − 4

Substitute back:

代回:

2[(x + 2)² − 4] + 3 = 2(x + 2)² − 8 + 3 = 2(x + 2)² − 5

So 2x² + 8x + 3 = 2(x + 2)² − 5.

因此 2x² + 8x + 3 = 2(x + 2)² − 5


6. Solving Quadratic Equations by Completing the Square | 用配方法解二次方程

To solve x² + 6x − 7 = 0, first complete the square on the left side.

解方程 x² + 6x − 7 = 0,先对左边配方。

(x + 3)² − 9 − 7 = 0

Simplify:

化简:

(x + 3)² − 16 = 0

Add 16 to both sides:

两边加16:

(x + 3)² = 16

Take the square root of both sides:

两边开平方:

x + 3 = ±4

Therefore:

因此:

x = −3 + 4 = 1   or   x = −3 − 4 = −7

The solutions are x = 1 and x = −7.

解为 x = 1 和 x = −7。


7. Turning Point of a Parabola | 抛物线的顶点

Once a quadratic is in the form a(x − h)² + k, the turning point (vertex) is at (h, k).

当二次式写成 a(x − h)² + k 的形式时,顶点坐标为 (h, k)

For example, from 2(x + 2)² − 5, we can write 2(x − (−2))² + (−5), so the vertex is (−2, −5).

例如,对于 2(x + 2)² − 5,可写成 2(x − (−2))² + (−5),所以顶点是 (−2, −5)

If a > 0, the vertex is a minimum. If a < 0, the vertex is a maximum.

如果 a > 0,顶点是最小值点;如果 a < 0,顶点是最大值点。


8. Sketching Graphs Using Completed Square Form | 利用配方法画函数图像

With y = (x + 3)² − 4, the vertex is at (−3, −4). Since the coefficient of (x + 3)² is positive, the parabola opens upwards.

对于 y = (x + 3)² − 4,顶点在 (−3, −4)。由于 (x + 3)² 的系数为正,抛物线开口向上。

To find the y-intercept, set x = 0:

求 y 轴截距,令 x = 0:

y = (0 + 3)² − 4 = 9 − 4 = 5

So the graph crosses the y-axis at (0, 5). To find the x-intercepts, set y = 0 and solve:

所以图像与 y 轴交于 (0, 5)。求 x 轴截距,令 y = 0 并解方程:

(x + 3)² − 4 = 0  ⇒  x + 3 = ±2  ⇒  x = −1 or −5

Now you can plot the vertex, the intercepts, and sketch the curve.

现在你可以标出顶点、截距,并画出曲线草图。


9. The Quadratic Formula Connection | 与二次公式的联系

The quadratic formula x = (−b ± √(b² − 4ac)) / (2a) can be derived by completing the square on the general quadratic ax² + bx + c = 0.

二次公式 x = (−b ± √(b² − 4ac)) / (2a) 正是通过对一般二次方程 ax² + bx + c = 0 配方推导出来的。

This shows that completing the square is not just a trick — it is the foundation of solving any quadratic equation.

这说明配方法不仅仅是一种技巧,它更是解任何二次方程的基础。


10. Common Mistakes | 常见错误

  • Forgetting to subtract (b/2)² after adding it inside the bracket.
  • When the coefficient of x² is not 1, forgetting to factor it out first.
  • Mixing up signs: x² − 6x requires (x − 3)², not (x + 3)².
  • Taking the square root of only the first term when solving an equation.
  • 在括号内加上 (b/2)² 后忘记减去它。
  • 当 x² 的系数不为1时,忘记先提取出来。
  • 弄错符号:x² − 6x 应配成 (x − 3)²,而不是 (x + 3)²
  • 解方程时只对第一项取平方根。

11. Practice Questions | 练习题

Try these on your own:

自己尝试以下练习:

Question Answer (completed square form)
x² + 10x − 3 (x + 5)² − 28
x² − 4x + 7 (x − 2)² + 3
3x² + 12x + 6 3(x + 2)² − 6

Check your answers by expanding.

通过展开来检查你的答案。


12. Exam Tips | 考试技巧

In the Edexcel IGCSE exam, you may be asked to:

在Edexcel IGCSE考试中,你可能会被要求:

  • Express a quadratic in the form (x + p)² + q.
  • Find the turning point of a curve by completing the square.
  • Solve a quadratic equation using this method.
  • Use the completed square form to determine whether a quadratic has real roots.
  • 将二次式写成 (x + p)² + q 的形式。
  • 通过配方法求曲线的顶点。
  • 用这种方法解二次方程。
  • 利用配方法判断二次方程是否有实数根。

Always show intermediate steps — you may earn method marks even if your final answer is wrong.

一定要写出中间步骤——即使最终答案错误,你也有可能获得方法分。


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