Introduction to Organic Chemistry | 有机化学导论

📚 Introduction to Organic Chemistry | 有机化学导论

Organic chemistry is the branch of chemistry that studies the structure, properties, composition, reactions and preparation of carbon-containing compounds. Carbon can form stable chains, branches and rings, and because carbon has a valence of four, it can form single, double and triple bonds with itself and with many other elements. This leads to millions of organic compounds, which make up the chemistry of life, fuels, medicines, polymers and many manufactured materials.

有机化学是化学的一个分支，研究含碳化合物的结构、性质、组成、反应和制备。碳可以形成稳定的直链、支链和环状结构，并且因为碳的化合价为四，它能与自身以及许多其他元素形成单键、双键和三键。这产生了数以百万计的有机化合物，构成了生命、燃料、药物、聚合物以及许多合成材料的化学基础。

1. What Is Organic Chemistry? | 什么是有机化学？

Organic chemistry focuses on compounds in which carbon is bonded to other carbon atoms and to elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus and halogens. Most organic molecules are held together by covalent bonds. Carbon has four outer electrons, allowing it to form four single bonds, or multiple bonds such as C=C and C≡C. The ability of carbon to bond to itself, called catenation, means that carbon atoms can form straight chains, branched chains and rings, producing a remarkable diversity of structures.

有机化学主要研究碳与其他碳原子以及氢、氧、氮、硫、磷和卤素等元素形成的化合物。大多数有机分子以共价键结合在一起。碳有四个外层电子，因此可以形成四个单键，也可以形成 C=C 和 C≡C 等重键。碳自身相连的能力称为成链性，意味着碳原子可以形成直链、支链和环状结构，从而产生惊人的结构多样性。

2. Bonding and Electronegativity in Organic Molecules | 有机分子的成键与电负性

In organic molecules, covalent bonds may be polar or non-polar depending on the electroneg

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