The Macroeconomy (AS Level) | 宏观经济（AS阶段）

📚 The Macroeconomy (AS Level) | 宏观经济（AS阶段）

Macroeconomics studies the economy as a whole rather than individual markets. At AS Level you focus on aggregate indicators such as GDP, inflation, unemployment and the balance of payments, and on how aggregate demand and aggregate supply determine national output and the price level. Understanding these relationships helps explain why governments set macroeconomic targets and how policy instruments are designed.

宏观经济学研究整体经济而非单个市场。在 AS 阶段，你重点关注 GDP、通货膨胀、失业和国际收支等总量指标，以及总需求和总供给如何决定国民产出与物价水平。理解这些关系有助于解释政府为何设定宏观经济目标以及政策工具如何设计。

1. Macroeconomic Objectives | 宏观经济目标

The main macroeconomic objectives are sustainable economic growth, price stability, full employment, and a satisfactory balance of payments position. Some governments also aim for a more equal distribution of income and protection of the environment.

主要宏观经济目标是可持续经济增长、物价稳定、充分就业和令人满意的国际收支状况。一些政府还追求更平等的收入分配和环境保护。

Conflicts often arise between these objectives. For example, rapid growth may increase inflation and widen a trade deficit, while tight monetary policy to reduce inflation may raise unemployment in the short run.

这些目标之间经常出现冲突。例如，快速增长可能推高通胀并扩大贸易逆差，而为降低通胀采取的紧缩货币政策短期内可能推高失业率。

2. The Circular Flow of Income | 国民收入循环流动

The circular flow model shows the flow of income and spending between households and firms. Withdrawals from the flow are saving, taxation and import spending, while injections are investment, government spending and export earnings.

循环流动模型展示了家庭和企业之间收入与支出的流动。从循环中漏出的部分是储蓄、税收和进口支出，而注入部分是投资、政府支出和出口收入。

Equilibrium national income occurs when planned injections equal planned withdrawals. If injections exceed withdrawals, aggregate demand rises and national income expands; if withdrawals exceed injections, income contracts.

当计划注入等于计划漏出时，国民收入达到均衡。如果注入大于漏出，总需求上升，国民收入扩张；如果漏出大于注入，收入收缩。

3. Measuring National Income: GDP, GNI and Real Values | 国民收入核算：GDP、GNI 与实际值

Gross domestic product measures the value of final goods and services produced within a country’s borders in a given period. Gross national income adds net income earned from abroad, while real GDP adjusts nominal GDP for inflation.

国内生产总值衡量一时期在一国境内生产的最终商品和服务的价值。国民总收入则加上来自国外的净收入，而实际 GDP 对名义 GDP 进行通胀调整。

The expenditure method sums consumption, investment, government spending and net exports.

支出法将消费、投资、政府支出和净出口相加。

GDP = C + I + G + (X − M)

Real values allow meaningful comparisons over time because they remove the effect of price changes. A rise in nominal GDP alone may reflect higher prices rather than greater output.

实际值可以消除价格变动的影响，使不同时期的比较更有意义。仅名义 GDP 上升可能反映价格上涨而非产出增加。

4. Aggregate Demand and Its Components | 总需求及其组成

Aggregate demand is the total planned spending on domestic output at a given price level. Its components are consumption, investment,

Published by TutorHao | AS Economics Revision Series | aleveler.com

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