The Work of the Suffragists and Suffragettes to Extend the Franchise | 妇女选举权运动者与妇女社会政治同盟为扩大选举权所做的努力

📚 The Work of the Suffragists and Suffragettes to Extend the Franchise | 妇女选举权运动者与妇女社会政治同盟为扩大选举权所做的努力

The campaign for women’s suffrage in Britain was one of the longest and most contested reform movements of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This article examines the contrasting work of the suffragists, led by the National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies (NUWSS), and the suffragettes, led by the Women’s Social and Political Union (WSPU), in extending the franchise. It evaluates their methods, their impact on public opinion and government, and the reasons why partial female suffrage was finally granted in 1918 and full equal voting rights in 1928.

英国女性选举权运动是十九世纪和二十世纪初持续时间最长、争议最大的改革运动之一。本文考察以全国妇女选举权协会联合会（NUWSS）为代表的妇女选举权运动者（suffragists）和以妇女社会政治同盟（WSPU）为代表的妇女社会政治同盟成员（suffragettes）在扩大选举权方面的不同工作。文章将评估她们的方法、对公众舆论和政府的影响，以及最终在1918年获得部分女性选举权、1928年获得完全平等投票权的原因。

1. Historical Context: The Exclusion of Women from the Vote | 历史背景：女性被排除在选举权之外

In the nineteenth century successive Reform Acts extended the vote to more men, but women were explicitly excluded. The 1832 Reform Act used the word ‘male’ for the first time in statute, and the 1867 and 1884 Acts continued this exclusion. In 1866 John Stuart Mill presented a petition to Parliament calling for female suffrage, but the amendment to the 1867 Reform Act was defeated. This setback encouraged the formation of local women’s suffrage societies, which eventually united as the NUWSS in 1897 under Millicent Fawcett.

十九世纪的历次《改革法案》逐步扩大了男性的选举权，但女性被明确排除在外。1832年《改革法案》首次在法令中使用 ‘male’（男性）一词，1867年和1884年的法案延续了这一排斥。1866年，约翰·斯图尔特·密尔向议会提交了一份要求女性选举权的请愿书，但对1867年《改革法案》的修正案被否决。这一挫折促使地方妇女选举权协会纷纷成立，最终于1897年在米利森特·福西特领导下合并为全国妇女选举权协会联合会（NUWSS）。

2. The Suffragists: NUWSS and Constitutional Methods | 妇女选举权运动者：全国妇女选举权协会联合会与宪政手段

The suffragists, as members of the NUWSS were called, believed in peaceful and constitutional methods. They organised petitions, lobbied MPs, held public meetings, wrote pamphlets, and supported parliamentary candidates who favoured women’s suffrage. By 1914 the NUWSS had grown to around 500 local branches and over 100,000 members, including some male supporters. Their leader Millicent Fawcett argued that law-abiding, rational campaigning

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