AQA A-Level Physics June 2018 Insert 3: The Complete Guide | AQA A-Level物理2018年6月插页3完整指南

📚 AQA A-Level Physics June 2018 Insert 3: The Complete Guide | AQA A-Level物理2018年6月插页3完整指南

The June 2018 Insert 3 (Jun 18 Insert 3) is a crucial resource for AQA A-level Physics students. It contains the data, formulae, and relationships required for the exam, and knowing exactly how to use it can save you time and avoid silly mistakes. In this guide, we break down every element of that insert and show you how to apply it correctly in your answers.

2018年6月AQA A-level物理考试中的插页3（Jun 18 Insert 3）是备考的重要资源。它包含考试所需的数据、公式和关系式。准确掌握它的使用方法，可以节省时间并避免粗心错误。在本指南中，我们将逐项拆解该插页的全部内容，并演示如何在答题中正确应用。

1. What Does Insert 3 Contain? | 插页3包含什么内容？

Insert 3 is the official AQA A-level Physics data and formulae booklet. It is provided with the exam paper and is designed to be used throughout the examination. It lists physical constants, unit prefixes, and the mathematical relationships that you may need to solve problems.

插页3是AQA A-level物理考试官方的数据与公式手册。它随试卷一同发放，在整个考试过程中都可以使用。手册列出了物理常量、单位前缀以及解题时可能用到的数学关系式。

Physical constants such as the speed of light, Planck constant, and gravitational constant.
Unit prefixes from giga to nano, with powers of ten.
Formulae across mechanics, electricity, waves, thermal and nuclear physics.
Data tables for specific values like resistivity, molar masses and specific heat capacities.

物理常量，如光速、普朗克常数和引力常数。
单位前缀，从吉（giga）到纳（nano），对应十的幂次。
力学、电学、波动、热学和核物理中的公式。
数据表，例如电阻率、摩尔质量、比热容等具体数值。

2. Physical Constants You Must Know | 你必须记住的物理常量

The insert provides accurate values for all constants, but you must be able to locate them quickly. In the June 2018 insert, the constants are printed in a compact table near the top of the first page. Some of the most frequently used ones include:

插页提供了所有常量的精确数值，但你必须能快速找到它们。在2018年6月的插页中，常量表印在第一页上方。最常用的包括：

Speed of light: c = 3.00 × 10⁸ m s⁻¹
Planck constant: h = 6.63 × 10⁻³⁴ J s
Elementary charge: e = 1.60 × 10⁻¹⁹ C
Electron rest mass: mₑ = 9.11 × 10⁻³¹ kg
Gravitational field strength: g = 9.81 N kg⁻¹

光速：c = 3.00 × 10⁸ m s⁻¹
普朗克常数：h = 6.63 × 10⁻³⁴ J s
元电荷：e = 1.60 × 10⁻¹⁹ C
电子静质量：mₑ = 9.11 × 10⁻³¹ kg
重力场强度：g = 9.81 N kg⁻¹

Always use the exact values from the insert, not from memory. A slight difference in the constant will lead to a different final answer, which can cost you accuracy marks.

始终使用插页上的精确值，而不是凭记忆。常量的细微差异会导致最终答案不同，从而损失精度分。

3. SI Units and Prefixes | 国际单位制与前缀

The insert includes a table of standard prefixes. In the June 2018 exam, many students lost marks by mixing up micro (µ = 10⁻⁶) and milli (m = 10⁻³), or by forgetting that a nanometre is 10⁻⁹ m. The prefix table is there to help you.

插页中包含标准前缀表。在2018年6月的考试中，许多学生因混淆微（µ = 10⁻⁶）和毫（m = 10⁻³），或忘记纳米是10⁻⁹ m而失分。前缀表正是用来帮助你的。

Prefix \| 前缀	Symbol \| 符号	Power of ten \| 十的幂次
Tera	T	10¹²
Giga	G	10⁹
Mega	M	10⁶
Kilo	k	10³
Centi	c	10⁻²
Milli	m	10⁻³
Micro	µ	10⁻⁶
Nano	n	10⁻⁹

When converting a unit, write the conversion factor explicitly. For example, 2.5 nm = 2.5 × 10⁻⁹ m. Do not assume that you can do the conversion mentally during a multi-step calculation.

换算单位时，请明确写出换算因子。例如，2.5 nm = 2.5 × 10⁻⁹ m。不要在多步计算中假设可以心算换算。

4. Mechanics: Kinematics and Newton’s Laws | 力学：运动学与牛顿定律

The insert gives the standard equations of motion for constant acceleration, often called the ‘suvat’ equations. In the June 2018 paper, these were essential for the projectile and inclined-plane questions. The equations are:

插页提供了匀加速直线运动的标准方程，通常称为‘suvat’方程。在2018年6月的试卷中，这些方程对抛体和斜面问题至关重要。方程如下：

v = u + at

s = ut + ½at²

v² = u² + 2as

Remember that these only apply when acceleration is constant. For Newton’s second law, the insert writes it as F = ma, but the more general form is F = Δ(mv)/Δt. On the insert you will also see:

请记住，这些公式仅在加速度恒定时适用。对于牛顿第二定律，插页写为F = ma，但更一般的形式是F = Δ(mv)/Δt。你还会在插页上看到：

Momentum = mv

Work done = Fd cos θ

Always check the direction of forces and the sign of acceleration. A common error in June 2018 was using a positive g for a ball thrown upward. Make sure your coordinate system is consistent.

务必检查力的方向和加速度的正负号。在2018年6月考试中，一个常见错误是上抛小球时g取了正值。请确保你的坐标系是自洽的。

5. Waves and Optics: Superposition, Phase and Path Difference | 波动与光学：叠加、相位与光程差

Insert 3 provides the key wave relationship v = fλ and the condition for constructive interference in double-slit experiments. Many students found the wave section of June 2018 challenging because they failed to convert between path difference and phase difference. The insert gives:

插页3提供了关键波动关系v = fλ，以及双缝实验中干涉加强的条件。许多学生认为2018年6月的波动部分很有挑战性，因为他们没有能在光程差和相位差之间转换。插页给出：

Phase difference = (2π / λ) × path difference

This single formula links two concepts. If the path difference is λ/2, the phase difference is π radians (or 180°). In the June 2018 question about a diffraction grating, you also needed:

这条公式将两个概念联系在了一起。如果光程差为λ/2，则相位差为π弧度（或180°）。在2018年6月关于衍射光栅的问题中，你还需要：

d sin θ = nλ

You can find this equation on the insert. Ensure you know that d is the slit separation, θ is the diffraction angle, and n is the order number. The maximum order is limited by sin θ ≤ 1, so n ≤ d/λ.

你可以在插页上找到此方程。请确保你知道d是缝间距，θ是衍射角，n是级数。最大级数受sin θ ≤ 1限制，因此n ≤ d/λ。

6. Electricity: Circuits, Resistance and Capacitance | 电学：电路、电阻与电容

The electricity section of the insert is dense. For June 2018, the most tested equations were Ohm’s law, the power equations, and the exponential decay of charge on a capacitor. From the insert you should immediately locate:

插页的电学部分内容密集。对于2018年6月考试，最常考到的方程是欧姆定律、功率方程以及电容器上电荷的指数衰减。你应该马上在插页中找到：

V = IR

P = VI = I²R = V²/R

Q = Q₀ e^(−t/RC)

The exponential decay equation is often given in the form Q = Q₀ exp(−t/RC). This was crucial for the capacitor discharge question in the 2018 paper. To make calculations easier, remember that the time constant τ = RC, and that when t = RC, the charge has dropped to about 37% of its initial value.

指数衰减方程通常写作Q = Q₀ exp(−t/RC)。这在2018年试卷中的电容器放电问题中至关重要。为了简化计算，请记住时间常数τ = RC，当t = RC时，电荷已下降到初始值的约37%。

Another frequently used formula in the insert is the resistance of a wire R = ρl/A. You must convert all lengths to metres and areas to square metres. In June 2018, a wire’s radius was given in mm, and many candidates forgot to square the radius before using it in the area.

插页中另一个常用公式是导线电阻R = ρl/A。你必须把所有长度换算为米，面积换算为平方米。在2018年6月试题中，导线的半径以毫米给出，许多考生忘记在计算面积前先对半径平方。

7. Thermal Physics: Ideal Gas and First Law | 热学：理想气体与热力学第一定律

The thermal section of the insert gives the ideal gas equation in two forms, with number of atoms or using the Boltzmann constant. The June 2018 paper included a question on a sealed gas cylinder where you needed:

插页的热学部分以两种形式给出理想气体方程，一种使用原子数，另一种使用玻尔兹曼常数。2018年6月的试卷中，有一道关于密封气瓶的问题，你需要用到：

pV = nRT

pV = NkT

Where n is the number of moles, N is the number of molecules, R is the molar gas constant, and k is the Boltzmann constant. The insert includes both R = 8.31 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹ and k = 1.38 × 10⁻²³ J K⁻¹. Do not use one in place of the other.

其中n是摩尔数，N是分子数，R是摩尔气体常数，k是玻尔兹曼常数。插页同时给出R = 8.31 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹和k = 1.38 × 10⁻²³ J K⁻¹。不要将两者混用。

You also need the first law of thermodynamics, ΔU = Q − W, where Q is heat supplied to the system, W is work done by the system, and ΔU is the increase in internal energy. This is printed on the insert, but you must remember the sign convention.

你还需要热力学第一定律ΔU = Q − W，其中Q是系统吸收的热量，W是系统对外做的功，ΔU是内能的增加。插页上印有该方程，但你必须记住符号约定。

8. Nuclear Physics: Mass-Energy and Decay | 核物理：质能关系与衰变

In the nuclear part of the June 2018 insert, the two most important equations are Einstein’s mass-energy equivalence and the radioactive decay law. They appear as:

在2018年6月插页的核物理部分，最重要的两个方程是爱因斯坦的质能等价方程和放射性衰变定律。它们以如下形式出现：

E = mc²

N = N₀ e^(−λt)

When converting atomic mass units to energy, use the conversion factor from the insert: 1 u = 931.5 MeV/c². The June 2018 paper had a binding energy calculation, and many students lost marks because they used c² without converting the mass to kg.

将原子质量单位转换为能量时，使用插页上的换算因子：1 u = 931.5 MeV/c²。2018年6月试卷中有一道结合能计算题，许多学生因为没有将质量换算为千克就使用c²而失分。

Also remember the concept of half-life. The insert gives the decay constant relation λ = ln 2 / t₁/₂. Use this to relate the decay constant to the half-life directly. In a question about radioactive dating, you may need to rearrange N = N₀ e^(−λt) to solve for t, which requires logarithms.

还要记住半衰期概念。插页给出衰变常数关系λ = ln 2 / t₁/₂。利用它可以直接将衰变常数与半衰期关联。在关于放射性测年的题目中，你可能需要对N = N₀ e^(−λt)进行变形以求解t，这需要使用对数。

9. Data Analysis: Using the Insert for Uncertainties | 数据分析：使用插页处理不确定度

Insert 3 also includes information about data analysis, such as the formula for percentage uncertainty and error bars. For the June 2018 practical-related question, you were expected to combine uncertainties when calculating a derived quantity. The insert may not give a dedicated formula for uncertainty, but it includes the principle that when quantities are multiplied or divided, uncertainties are added in percentage form.

插页3也包含数据分析的信息，例如百分比不确定度和误差线的公式。对于2018年6月与实验相关的问题，你需要在计算导出量时合并不确定度。插页可能没有单独给出不确定度公式，但它包含了这样一个原则：当物理量相乘或相除时，不确定度以百分比形式相加。

Absolute uncertainty: same unit as the measurement.
Percentage uncertainty: (absolute uncertainty / measured value) × 100%.
When adding or subtracting, add absolute uncertainties.
When multiplying, dividing, or using powers, add percentage uncertainties.

绝对不确定度：与测量值单位相同。
百分比不确定度：(绝对不确定度 / 测量值) × 100%。
相加或相减时，将绝对不确定度相加。
相乘、相除或使用幂次时，将百分比不确定度相加。

In the 2018 exam, a common question asked for the uncertainty in a value of g determined from a pendulum experiment. Use the rules on the insert, and quote your final answer to the correct number of significant figures.

在2018年考试中，有一个常见问题要求计算由单摆实验确定的g的不确定度。请运用插页上的规则，并将最终答案保留到正确的有效位数。

10. Exam Strategies for Using Insert 3 Efficiently | 高效使用插页3的应试策略

Having the insert on your desk is not enough; you must know it like the back of your hand. In June 2018, many students spent too long searching for a standard equation. Here are some proven strategies:

把插页放在桌上是不够的；你必须对它了如指掌。在2018年6月考试中，许多学生花太多时间寻找标准方程。以下是一些经过验证的策略：

Before the exam, make a checklist of all equations in the insert. Tick each one when you have used it in practice.
Write down the units or symbols for each variable next to the equation in your revision notes.
When you read a question, underline the variable you need to find, then scan the insert for an equation that contains it.
After solving, substitute your values back into the original equation to check that the units match.

考试前，为插页中的所有方程制定一个核对清单。每当你练习使用过一条，就打勾标记。
在复习笔记中，为每个变量写出单位或符号，并对应到方程。
阅读题目时，下划线标出你要求解的变量，然后浏览插页寻找包含它的方程。
解完后，把数值代回原方程，检查单位是否一致。

Finally, remember that the insert is the same for all three papers in the series. The June 2018 Insert 3 is not an isolated resource; it works together with Paper 1, Paper 2 and Paper 3. Once you have practised with it multiple times, you will move through the exam with confidence.

最后请记住，插页对于系列中的所有三份试卷都是相同的。2018年6月的插页3不是孤立的资源；它与第1卷、第2卷和第3卷配合使用。一旦你多次使用它练习，你将在考试中充满信心。

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AQA A-Level Physics June 2018 Insert 3: The Complete Guide | AQA A-Level物理2018年6月插页3完整指南