Shifts in Chemical Equilibrium and System Changes | 化学平衡的移动与体系变化

📚 Shifts in Chemical Equilibrium and System Changes | 化学平衡的移动与体系变化

Chemical equilibrium is a dynamic state in which the forward and reverse reaction rates are equal, and the concentrations of reactants and products remain constant over time. However, this state is not static; any change in conditions may perturb the equilibrium and cause a shift. Understanding how equilibrium responds to changes in concentration, pressure, volume, temperature, and the presence of catalysts is essential for predicting reaction behavior and optimizing industrial processes.

化学平衡是一种动态状态，正逆反应速率相等，反应物和生成物的浓度随时间保持不变。然而，这种状态并非一成不变；任何条件的变化都可能扰动平衡并引发移动。理解平衡如何响应浓度、压强、体积、温度以及催化剂的存在而变化，对于预测反应行为和优化工业过程至关重要。

1. The Equilibrium Constant and Reaction Quotient | 平衡常数与反应商

For a general reaction aA + bB ⇌ cC + dD, the equilibrium constant K is expressed as K = [C]ᶜ[D]ᵈ / ([A]ᵃ[B]ᵇ). The reaction quotient Q has the same expression but using concentrations at any given moment. At equilibrium, Q = K; away from equilibrium, Q ≠ K.

对于一般反应 aA + bB ⇌ cC + dD，平衡常数 K 的表达式为 K = [C]ᶜ[D]ᵈ / ([A]ᵃ[B]ᵇ)。反应商 Q 形式相同，但代入某一时刻的浓度。平衡时 Q = K；未达平衡时 Q ≠ K。

Comparing Q with K reveals the direction of shift: Q < K means the forward reaction is favored; Q > K means the reverse reaction is favored. This Q–K comparison is the fundamental basis for understanding all equilibrium shifts.

比较 Q 与 K 可确定移动方向：Q < K 表示正向反应占优势；Q > K 表示逆向反应占优势。Q

Published by TutorHao | Chemistry Revision Series | aleveler.com

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