📚 IGCSE CCEA English: Grammar Mastery for Exams | IGCSE CCEA 英语：语法考点精讲
Grammar may seem like a set of rigid rules, but for the IGCSE CCEA English Language examination, it is the very tool that shapes clarity, coherence, and precision in your writing. This guide breaks down the core grammatical concepts you must master, from sentence structure and tense consistency to reported speech and punctuation. Each section explains a key area with paired English and Chinese explanations, so you can fully grasp both the terminology and the practical application. Whether you are tackling directed writing, analysing unseen passages, or crafting a narrative, a strong command of grammar will elevate every answer.
语法看似是一套死板的规则，但在 IGCSE CCEA 英语考试中，它正是塑造写作清晰度、连贯性和精确度的根本工具。本指南将逐一解析你必须掌握的核心语法概念，从句子结构和时态一致性到间接引语和标点符号。每个部分都用英中对照的方式讲解，帮你在术语理解和实际应用之间架起桥梁。无论你是在进行定向写作、分析陌生段落还是构思记叙文，扎实的语法功底都能让每一份答案脱颖而出。
1. Sentence Components and Structure | 句子成分与结构
Every sentence in English is built around a subject and a predicate. The subject tells us who or what the sentence is about, while the predicate contains the verb and provides information about the subject. In an IGCSE CCEA directed writing task, you must be able to identify and construct both simple and complex sentences deliberately. A simple sentence contains one independent clause, for example: ‘The storm intensified.’ A complex sentence includes an independent clause and at least one dependent clause, such as: ‘When the storm intensified, the crew secured the sails.’
英语中的每个句子都围绕主语和谓语构建。主语表明句子是“谁”或“什么”，谓语则包含动词并提供有关主语的信息。在 IGCSE CCEA 的定向写作任务中，你必须能自觉地识别并构建简单句和复杂句。简单句包含一个独立分句，例如：’The storm intensified.’ 复杂句则包含一个独立分句和至少一个从属分句，例如：’When the storm intensified, the crew secured the sails.’
Understanding the roles of phrases and clauses is equally important. A phrase is a group of words without a subject-verb pairing, like ‘in the early morning’. A clause, in contrast, contains a subject and a verb. Dependent clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions such as ‘because’, ‘although’, ‘while’, or ‘if’. Mastery of sentence variety allows you to avoid monotonous writing and to show the examiner you can control syntax for effect. For instance, starting a sentence with an adverb clause (‘Although the journey was perilous, the explorers pressed on.’) adds emphasis and rhythm to your prose.
同样重要的是了解短语和分句的作用。短语是一组没有主谓搭配的词，例如 ‘in the early morning’。分句则包含主语和动词。从属分句以 ‘because’、’although’、’while’ 或 ‘if’ 等从属连词开头。掌握句式的多样性可以避免写作单调，并向考官展示你能有意识地控制句法以增强效果。例如，将副词性从句放在句首（’Although the journey was perilous, the explorers pressed on.’）能为散文增添强调和节奏感。
2. Tense Consistency and Narrative Timing | 时态一致性与叙述时序
One of the most common errors in IGCSE English scripts is inconsistent use of tense. When you begin a narrative or descriptive paragraph in the past tense, you must maintain that temporal frame unless a deliberate shift is required. For example, ‘She opened the door and sees a shadowy figure’ is incorrect; it should read ‘She opened the door and saw a shadowy figure.’ The present tense is perfectly acceptable in personal essays or commentaries, but once you choose a base tense, avoid ping-ponging between past and present without a logical reason.
IGCSE 英语考卷中最常见的错误之一就是时态使用不一致。当你以过去时开始一段叙述或描写时，除非有意识地需要转换，否则就必须始终维持这一时间框架。例如 ‘She opened the door and sees a shadowy figure’ 是错误的，应改为 ‘She opened the door and saw a shadowy figure.’ 在个人随笔或评论中，现在时完全可以使用，但一旦选定基础时态，就不要在无合理理由的情况下在过去和现在之间反复横跳。
The present perfect tense also plays a vital role in analytical responses. Use the present perfect to connect past events to the present moment or to show ongoing relevance: ‘The writer has used vivid imagery to convey the character’s isolation.’ When discussing a text in your response, the convention is to use the present tense for literary analysis, commonly called the ‘literary present’: ‘Shakespeare portrays Macbeth as a tragic hero.’ However, when you are referring to historical facts about the author, use the past tense: ‘Shakespeare lived during the Elizabethan era.’ This distinction is critical in achieving a formal academic tone.
现在完成时在分析性答题中也扮演着关键角色。使用现在完成时可以连接过去事件与当前时刻，或展示持续的相关性：’The writer has used vivid imagery to convey the character’s isolation.’ 在讨论文本时，惯例上使用现在时进行文学分析，这通常被称为“文学现在时”：’Shakespeare portrays Macbeth as a tragic hero.’ 然而，当你提及作者本人的历史事实时，应使用过去时：’Shakespeare lived during the Elizabethan era.’ 这一区分对于实现正式的学术语气至关重要。
3. Active and Passive Voice | 主动语态与被动语态
Voice refers to the relationship between the subject and the verb. In the active voice, the subject performs the action: ‘The reporter uncovered the scandal.’ In the passive voice, the subject receives the action: ‘The scandal was uncovered by the reporter.’ The CCEA assessment criteria reward writers who can use the passive voice appropriately, especially in formal or objective contexts such as reports, news articles, or scientific explanations. For instance, ‘The samples were analysed under controlled conditions’ sounds more impartial than ‘We analysed the samples.’
语态指的是主语与动词之间的关系。在主动语态中，主语执行动作：’The reporter uncovered the scandal.’ 在被动语态中，主语承受动作：’The scandal was uncovered by the reporter.’ CCEA 的评分标准会奖励那些能恰当使用被动语态的考生，尤其在正式或客观的语境中，如报告、新闻报道或科学解释。例如，’The samples were analysed under controlled conditions’ 听起来比 ‘We analysed the samples’ 更客观中立。
However, overusing the passive can make your writing feel evasive or lifeless. In narrative and persuasive pieces, the active voice usually creates more direct and vigorous prose. Compare ‘A mistake was made by the government’ with ‘The government made a mistake.’ The active version clearly identifies the agent and carries greater accountability. A skilled writer chooses between active and passive based on what needs to be emphasised: the doer or the deed. During the exam, check your work for unnecessary passives and convert them into active constructions where stronger impact is needed.
然而，过度使用被动语态会让你的文章显得含糊其辞或缺乏生气。在记叙文和议论文中，主动语态通常能创造出更直接、更有力的文风。比较 ‘A mistake was made by the government’ 和 ‘The government made a mistake.’ 主动版本明确了行为的发出者，并带有更强的责任感。熟练的写作者会根据需要强调的对象——行为者还是行为本身——在主动和被动之间做出选择。在考场上，记得检查有没有不必要的被动句，在需要更强冲击力的地方将它们改为主动结构。
4. Modal Verbs for Precision and Nuance | 情态动词的精确与细微表达
Modal verbs such as ‘can’, ‘could’, ‘may’, ‘might’, ‘must’, ‘shall’, ‘should’, ‘will’, and ‘would’ are central to expressing degrees of certainty, obligation, permission, and ability. The CCEA exam often requires you to write persuasively or to offer advice in a leaflet or speech. Using the appropriate modal can dramatically alter your tone. For a strong recommendation, ‘You must recycle your waste’ leaves no room for doubt, while ‘You could consider recycling’ sounds tentative and less compelling.
情态动词如 ‘can’、’could’、’may’、’might’、’must’、’shall’、’should’、’will’ 和 ‘would’ 是表达确定程度、义务、许可和能力的关键。CCEA 考试常常要求你有说服力地写作，或在传单、演讲稿中提供建议。使用恰当的情态动词能极大地改变你的语气。对于强力建议，’You must recycle your waste’ 不容置疑，而 ‘You could consider recycling’ 则听起来是试探性的，说服力较弱。
In analytical writing, modals allow you to hedge claims responsibly. Instead of asserting absolute certainty, you can say ‘The author may be suggesting that society is fractured’ or ‘This image might symbolise lost innocence.’ This shows the examiner you understand that interpretation involves nuance. Avoid confusing ‘can’ with ‘may’: ‘Can’ relates to ability, whereas ‘may’ relates to permission or possibility. ‘He can swim’ is about ability; ‘He may swim’ indicates permission. Mastering these shades of meaning raises the sophistication of your language use.
在分析性写作中，情态动词让你能够负责任地弱化断言。你可以说 ‘The author may be suggesting that society is fractured’ 或 ‘This image might symbolise lost innocence’，而不是武断地声称绝对确定。这向考官展示了你理解阐释本身包含细微差别。注意不要把 ‘can’ 和 ‘may’ 混淆：’Can’ 与能力有关，而 ‘may’ 与许可或可能性有关。’He can swim’ 指能力；’He may swim’ 表示许可。掌握这些微妙的含义可以提升你语言运用的精细度。
5. Relative Clauses and Complex Noun Phrases | 关系从句与复杂名词短语
Relative clauses are introduced by relative pronouns — ‘who’, ‘whom’, ‘whose’, ‘which’, and ‘that’ — and they provide additional information about a noun without starting a new sentence. A defining relative clause is essential to the meaning: ‘The candidate who impressed the panel was offered the job.’ Without the clause, we would not know which candidate is being referred to. A non-defining clause adds extra information and is set off by commas: ‘The candidate, who had arrived late, impressed the panel.’ The CCEA writing tasks expect you to use both types fluently to condense information and add detail economically.
关系从句由关系代词引导——’who’、’whom’、’whose’、’which’ 和 ‘that’——它们为一个名词补充额外信息，而无需另起新句。限定性关系从句对句意至关重要：’The candidate who impressed the panel was offered the job.’ 省去这个从句，我们就不知道指的是哪位候选人。非限定性从句提供额外信息，并且用逗号隔开：’The candidate, who had arrived late, impressed the panel.’ CCEA 的写作任务期望你能流畅地使用这两种类型，以压缩信息并简洁地添加细节。
Pay close attention to the correct punctuation of non-defining clauses; omitting commas can change meaning or create confusion. Also, note that ‘that’ is only used in defining relative clauses, not in non-defining ones. In descriptive and analytical writing, combining multiple relative clauses allows you to create layered, sophisticated sentences: ‘The castle, which had stood for centuries, offered a refuge that the villagers desperately needed.’ However, be wary of overloading a sentence with too many clauses, as this can obscure meaning and lose the reader. Balance is key.
务必注意非限定性从句的正确标点；省去逗号可能会改变句意或造成混淆。另外，请注意 ‘that’ 只能用在限定性关系从句中，不能用于非限定性关系从句。在描写和分析性写作中，组合使用多个关系从句能让你构建出层次丰富、复杂的句子：’The castle, which had stood for centuries, offered a refuge that the villagers desperately needed.’ 但切忌在一个句子里塞入太多从句，那样会晦涩难懂，令读者迷失。均衡是关键。
6. Conditional Sentences and Hypothetical Thinking | 条件句与假设思维
Conditionals are essential for discussing possible situations, making arguments, and exploring hypothetical outcomes. The first conditional (if + present simple, will + base verb) deals with real and likely situations: ‘If it rains tomorrow, we will cancel the picnic.’ The second conditional (if + past simple, would + base verb) imagines unreal or improbable scenarios: ‘If I won the lottery, I would travel the world.’ The third conditional (if + past perfect, would have + past participle) speculates about past events that did not happen: ‘If she had studied harder, she would have passed the exam.’ CCEA writing topics often invite you to reflect on choices or imagine alternative scenarios, making conditional structures indispensable.
条件句对于讨论可能的情况、进行论证以及探索假设性结果至关重要。第一类条件句（if + 一般现在时，will + 动词原形）处理真实且可能发生的情况：’If it rains tomorrow, we will cancel the picnic.’ 第二类条件句（if + 一般过去时，would + 动词原形）想象不真实或不太可能的场景：’If I won the lottery, I would travel the world.’ 第三类条件句（if + 过去完成时，would have + 过去分词）推测未发生的往事：’If she had studied harder, she would have passed the exam.’ CCEA 的写作话题常常要求你反思选择或想象替代方案，因此条件结构不可或缺。
Mixed conditionals add further sophistication. They allow you to connect an unreal past condition with a present result: ‘If he had taken the job, he would be living in London now.’ In exam responses, using a well-placed second or third conditional in a letter or argumentative essay can strengthen your reasoning. Be careful with the subjunctive ‘were’ in second conditionals: the phrase ‘If I were you’ is the correct formal form, not ‘If I was you.’ Examiners notice small grammatical distinctions like this, and they contribute to an overall impression of language control.
混合条件句能进一步提升复杂度，使你能将一个不真实的过去条件与现在的结果连接起来：’If he had taken the job, he would be living in London now.’ 在答题时，若能在信件或议论文中恰当地插入一个第二或第三类条件句，可以强化你的推理。注意第二类条件句中虚拟语气 ‘were’ 的用法：短语 ‘If I were you’ 是正确的正式形式，而不是 ‘If I was you.’ 考官会注意到这类细微的语法区分，并纳入对语言驾驭能力的整体印象。
7. Direct and Reported Speech | 直接引语与间接引语
Transforming direct speech into reported speech is a skill tested both directly and indirectly in IGCSE CCEA papers. When reporting, you typically shift the tense backwards: present simple becomes past simple, present continuous becomes past continuous, and so on. Pronouns and time expressions also change: ‘today’ becomes ‘that day’, ‘tomorrow’ becomes ‘the next day’, and ‘here’ may change to ‘there’. For example, direct speech — ‘I am leaving now,’ she said — becomes reported speech: She said that she was leaving then.
将直接引语转变为间接引语是 IGCSE CCEA 试卷中直接或间接考查的一项技能。转述时，通常需要将时态向后推移：一般现在时变为一般过去时，现在进行时变为过去进行时，以此类推。代词和时间状语也要改变：’today’ 变成 ‘that day’，’tomorrow’ 变成 ‘the next day’，’here’ 可能变成 ‘there’。例如，直接引语—— ‘I am leaving now,’ she said ——变为间接引语：She said that she was leaving then.
When the reporting verb is in the present tense, no backshift is necessary: ‘She says she is leaving now.’ In questions, the word order changes to that of a statement, and the auxiliary ‘do’ is dropped: ‘Where do you live?’ becomes ‘He asked where I lived.’ Commands and requests are reported with an infinitive: ‘Sit down,’ she ordered becomes ‘She ordered me to sit down.’ This area of grammar is vital for rewriting dialogue in narrative writing or summarising interviews in writing tasks. Practise transforming a range of sentence types until the process feels automatic.
当转述动词是现在时态时，则无需时态后移：’She says she is leaving now.’ 在转述疑问句时，语序须变为陈述句语序，且助动词 ‘do’ 要去掉：’Where do you live?’ 变成 ‘He asked where I lived.’ 命令句和请求句用不定式来转述：’Sit down,’ she ordered 变成 ‘She ordered me to sit down.’ 这部分语法对于记叙文中的对话改写或写作任务中的采访摘要至关重要。请大量练习转换各种句型，直到感觉能自然而然地进行。
8. Punctuation for Clarity and Effect | 清晰表达与效果标点
Punctuation is not merely decorative; it shapes the rhythm and meaning of your sentences. The comma, for instance, separates items in a list, sets off introductory elements, and encloses non-essential phrases. Compare ‘Let’s eat Grandma’ with ‘Let’s eat, Grandma.’ The comma saves lives, or at least, relationships. In the CCEA examination, common pitfalls include the comma splice — joining two independent clauses with only a comma — and the misuse of the apostrophe. An apostrophe indicates possession (‘the student’s essay’) or contraction (‘it’s’ for ‘it is’), but never forms a plural.
标点符号并不仅仅是装饰；它塑造句子的节奏和意义。以逗号为例，它用来分隔列举的项目、隔开引导成分、并括起非必要短语。试比较 ‘Let’s eat Grandma’ 和 ‘Let’s eat, Grandma.’ 逗号能救人性命，或至少能维护人际关系。在 CCEA 考试中，常见的错误包括逗号拼接——仅用一个逗号连接两个独立分句——以及撇号的误用。撇号表示所有格（’the student’s essay’）或缩写（’it’s’ 为 ‘it is’），但绝不能用来构成复数。
The semicolon and colon are marks of a confident writer. A semicolon links two closely related independent clauses without a conjunction: ‘The storm raged all night; by dawn, the village was flooded.’ A colon introduces a list, an explanation, or a quotation: ‘She had one goal: to win.’ Mastery of these marks allows you to show logical connections and to vary your sentence structure. In directed writing tasks, correct punctuation of dialogue is essential: place commas and full stops inside quotation marks, and start a new paragraph for each change of speaker.
分号和冒号是自信写作者掌握的标志。分号将两个紧密相关的独立分句连接起来，而无需连词：’The storm raged all night; by dawn, the village was flooded.’ 冒号引导一个清单、一个解释或一段引语：’She had one goal: to win.’ 掌握这些标点让你能够展现逻辑关联并丰富句子结构。在定向写作中，对话的正确标点至关重要：将逗号和句号置于引号之内，并且每当说话者改变时，另起新的一段。
9. Common Grammatical Errors to Avoid | 常见语法错误避坑指南
Among the most frequent errors in IGCSE responses are subject-verb agreement faults. A singular subject requires a singular verb, and a plural subject requires a plural verb, yet phrases that separate the two often cause mistakes. ‘The bouquet of roses are beautiful’ is incorrect because the subject ‘bouquet’ is singular; it should be ‘The bouquet of roses is beautiful.’ Similarly, indefinite pronouns like ‘everyone’, ‘someone’, and ‘nobody’ take singular verbs: ‘Everyone was invited,’ not ‘Everyone were invited.’
IGCSE 答题中最常见的错误之一是主谓一致问题。单数主语需要单数动词，复数主语需要复数动词，然而分隔两者的短语常常导致失误。’The bouquet of roses are beautiful’ 是错误的，因为主语 ‘bouquet’ 为单数；应改为 ‘The bouquet of roses is beautiful.’ 同样，像 ‘everyone’、’someone’ 和 ‘nobody’ 这样的不定代词要搭配单数动词：’Everyone was invited’，而不是 ‘Everyone were invited.’
Another common mistake is the dangling modifier. A modifying phrase at the beginning of a sentence must logically refer to the subject. Consider: ‘Walking through the forest, the trees seemed ancient.’ This suggests the trees were walking. The sentence should be recast: ‘Walking through the forest, I was struck by how ancient the trees seemed.’ Also watch out for unclear pronoun references: if you write ‘When John met Tom, he was nervous,’ it is not clear who ‘he’ is. Always ensure pronouns have clear and unambiguous antecedents.
另一个常见错误是垂悬修饰语。句首的修饰性短语必须在逻辑上指向主语。请思考：’Walking through the forest, the trees seemed ancient.’ 这暗示树木在行走。句子应改写为：’Walking through the forest, I was struck by how ancient the trees seemed.’ 还要留意不明确的代词指代：如果你写下 ‘When John met Tom, he was nervous’，便不清楚 ‘he’ 指的是谁。务必确保代词的前指词清晰而无歧义。
10. Grammar as a Revision and Exam Tool | 语法作为复习与应试利器
Grammar is not a separate box to tick; it threads through every aspect of the IGCSE English Language exam. In the comprehension and summary tasks, accurate paraphrasing relies on your ability to restructure sentences and manipulate clauses without altering meaning. When you condense a long passage into a concise summary, you must shift between direct and reported speech, change vocabulary, and employ a range of sentence patterns. Strong grammatical knowledge gives you the confidence to transform a text flexibly while preserving the core message.
语法并非一份可单独勾选的清单；它贯穿于 IGCSE 英语语言考试的方方面面。在阅读理解和摘要题中，准确的改写取决于你重组句子和灵活处理从句的能力，同时不改原文之意。当你将一段长文压缩成简洁的摘要时，你必须在直接引语和间接引语间转换、更换词汇并运用多种句式。扎实的语法知识赋予你信心，让你能灵活转换文本同时保留核心信息。
In your own writing, leave a few minutes at the end to proofread specifically for grammar. Many candidates lose marks for errors they could easily correct. Scan for the mistakes listed in this guide: tense shifts, subject-verb agreement, comma splices, and dangling modifiers. Read your work slowly, aloud if possible, to catch awkward constructions. A final polish can sharpen the clarity of your arguments and leave the examiner with a sense of assured linguistic control. Grammar, after all, is the engine that drives precision and persuasion.
在你自己作答时，最后留出几分钟专门检查语法。很多考生因一些本可轻易改正的错误而失分。按本指南所列的错误逐一排查：时态切换、主谓一致、逗号拼接和垂悬修饰语。慢慢阅读你的文章，如果允许的话可以小声读出，以捕捉别扭的结构。最后的打磨能使你的论点更加清晰，并给考官留下语言掌控力十足的印象。毕竟，语法正是驱动精确与说服力的引擎。
11. Prepositions and Phrasal Verbs | 介词与短语动词
Prepositions are small words — ‘in’, ‘on’, ‘at’, ‘by’, ‘for’, ‘with’ — that cause big problems for many learners. They indicate relationships of time, place, direction, and manner. Idiomatic preposition use must be memorised: we say ‘interested in’, not ‘interested about’; ‘good at’, not ‘good in’. In an exam, choosing the wrong preposition can subtly distort meaning or make an expression sound unnatural. The CCEA reading comprehension may test your understanding of phrasal verbs, which combine a verb with a preposition or adverb to create a new meaning, such as ‘give up’ (quit) or ‘look after’ (care for).
介词是些小词——’in’、’on’、’at’、’by’、’for’、’with’——却给许多学习者带来大麻烦。它们表示时间、地点、方向和方式等关系。介词的惯用搭配必须背记：我们说 ‘interested in’，不是 ‘interested about’；’good at’，不是 ‘good in’。在考场上，选错介词会微妙地扭曲含义或让表达听起来不自然。CCEA 的阅读理解可能考查你对短语动词的理解，短语动词是由动词与介词或副词组合产生新语义的短语，例如 ‘give up’（放弃）或 ‘look after’（照顾）。
In writing tasks, precise prepositions add sophistication. Compare ‘The book is about the war’ with ‘The book concerns the war’ or ‘The book deals with the consequences of war.’ While ‘about’ is perfectly correct, varying your prepositional phrases demonstrates a wider lexical range. When you encounter a new phrasal verb in your reading, note down whether it is separable or inseparable. ‘Put off’ is separable: ‘We put off the meeting’ or ‘We put the meeting off.’ But ‘put up with’ (tolerate) is inseparable: ‘I can’t put up with this noise’ — never split by an object.
在写作任务中，精准的介词能增添文采。比较 ‘The book is about the war’ 和 ‘The book concerns the war’ 或 ‘The book deals with the consequences of war.’ 虽然 ‘about’ 完全正确，但变换介词短语可以展示更广的词汇量。当你在阅读中遇到新短语动词时，记下它是可分离的还是不可分离的。’Put off’ 是可分离的：’We put off the meeting’ 或 ‘We put the meeting off.’ 但 ‘put up with’（容忍）是不可分离的：’I can’t put up with this noise’——绝不能用宾语插入其中。
12. Cohesion and Discourse Markers | 衔接与语篇标记
Grammar extends beyond the sentence to the way ideas are linked together. Cohesion refers to the linguistic devices that bind a text, such as pronouns, repetition, synonyms, and transition words. Discourse markers like ‘furthermore’, ‘however’, ‘consequently’, and ‘in contrast’ guide the reader through your argument. In the CCEA Writing paper, marks are allocated for the logical sequencing of ideas. A paragraph that starts with ‘On the other hand’ signals a counterargument, while ‘As a result’ introduces a conclusion or effect.
语法不仅仅局限于单句，还延伸至观点之间的连接方式。衔接指的是将文本粘合在一起的语言手段，比如代词、重复、同义词和过渡词。语篇标记如 ‘furthermore’、’however’、’consequently’ 和 ‘in contrast’ 引导读者理清你的论证。在 CCEA 写作卷中，观点的逻辑排序是有对应评分的。以 ‘On the other hand’ 开头的段落表示提出驳论，而 ‘As a result’ 则引出结论或结果。
To achieve a high score, use a mix of cohesive devices without over-relying on formulaic phrases. Too many ‘firstly, secondly, finally’ markers can make writing feel mechanical. Instead, use referencing pronouns to tie sentences together: ‘The policy was controversial. It sparked widespread debate.’ Also employ synonyms to avoid repetition: ‘The issue… this problem… the matter…’ Cohesion creates a smooth reading experience, showing the examiner that you can structure a sustained piece of writing with confidence.
为了拿到高分，你需要混合使用衔接手段，而不是过度依赖模板化的短语。过多的 ‘firstly, secondly, finally’ 会让文章显得机械。相反，应该使用指代代词把句子串联起来：’The policy was controversial. It sparked widespread debate.’ 也可以使用同义词避免重复：’The issue… this problem… the matter…’ 衔接创造了流畅的阅读体验，向考官展示你能够自信地架构一篇连贯持续的文章。
Published by TutorHao | English Revision Series | aleveler.com
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